Regularity of commutators of the one-sided Hardy-Littlewood maximal functions (Q2198780)

In this paper, the author investigated the regularity properties of two classes of commutators of the one-sided fractional maximal functions \([b,\mathscr{M}_\beta^+]\), \([b,\mathscr{M}_\beta^-]\), \(\mathscr{M}_{b,\beta}^+\) and \(\mathscr{M}_{b,\beta}^+\), which are defined by \[ [b,\mathscr{M}_\beta^+](f)(x)=b(x)\mathscr{M}_\beta^+f(x)-\mathscr{M}_\beta^+(bf)(x),\ \ x\in\mathbb{R}, \] \[ [b,\mathscr{M}_\beta^-](f)(x)=b(x)\mathscr{M}_\beta^-f(x)-\mathscr{M}_\beta^-(bf)(x),\ \ x\in\mathbb{R} \] and \[ \mathscr{M}_{b,\beta}^+f(x)=\sup_{r>0}\frac{1}{r^{1-\beta}}\int_{x}^{x+r}|b(x)-b(y)||f(y)|dy,\ \ x\in\mathbb{R}, \] \[ \mathscr{M}_{b,\beta}^-f(x)=\sup_{r>0}\frac{1}{r^{1-\beta}}\int_{x-r}^{x}|b(x)-b(y)||f(y)|dy,\ \ x\in\mathbb{R}, \] where \(\beta\in[0,1)\) and \(\mathscr{M}_{\beta}^+\), \(\mathscr{M}_{\beta}^-\) are defined by \[ \mathscr{M}_{\beta}^+f(x)=\sup_{s>0}\frac{1}{s^{1-\beta}}\int_{x}^{x+s}|f(y)|dy,\ \ \mathscr{M}_{\beta}^-f(x)=\sup_{r>0}\frac{1}{r^{1-\beta}}\int_{x-r}^{x}|f(y)|dy,\ \ x\in\mathbb{R}. \] Recall that the Sobolev spaces \(W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^d)\), \(1\leq p\leq\infty\), are defined by \[W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^d):=\Big\{f:\mathbb{R}^d\rightarrow\mathbb{R}:\|f\|_{1,p}=\|f\|_{L^p(\mathbb{R}^d)}+\|\nabla f\|_{L^p(\mathbb{R}^d)}<\infty\Big\},\] here \(\nabla f\) is the weak gradient of \(f\). The main results are as follows: Theorem 1. Let \(1<p_1,p_2,q<\infty\), \(0\leq\beta<1/p_1\), \(1/p_1+1/p_2<1\), and \(1/q=1/p_1+1/p_2-\beta\). If \(b\in W^{1,p_2}(\mathbb{R})\), then the map \([b,\mathscr{M}_\beta^+]:W^{1,p_1}(\mathbb{R})\rightarrow W^{1,q}(\mathbb{R})\) is bounded and continuous. In particular, if \(f\in W^{1,p_1}(\mathbb{R})\), it holds that \[\Big|\Big([b,\mathscr{M}_\beta^+])(f)\Big)^\prime(x)\Big|\leq|b(x)|\mathscr{M}_\beta^+f^\prime(x)+|b^\prime(x)|\mathscr{M}_\beta^+f(x)+\mathscr{M}_\beta^+(bf^\prime)(x)+\mathscr{M}_\beta^+(b^\prime)f(x),\] for almost every \(x\in\mathbb{R}\). Moreover, \[\|[b,\mathscr{M}_\beta^+](f)\|_{1,q}\leq C_{p_1,p_2,\beta}\|b\|_{1,p_2}\|f\|_{1,p_1}.\] The same conclusions also hold for the operator \([b,\mathscr{M}_\beta^-]\). Theorem 2. Let \(1<p_1,p_2,q<\infty\), \(0\leq\beta<1/p_1\), \(1/p_1+1/p_2<1\), and \(1/q=1/p_1+1/p_2-\beta\). If \(b\in W^{1,p_2}(\mathbb{R})\) and \(f\in W^{1,p_1}(\mathbb{R})\), then \[\Big|\Big(\mathscr{M}_{b,\beta}^+(f)\Big)^\prime(x)\Big|\leq|b(x)|\mathscr{M}_\beta^+f^\prime(x)+|b^\prime(x)|\mathscr{M}_\beta^+f(x)+\mathscr{M}_\beta^+(bf^\prime)(x)+\mathscr{M}_\beta^+(b^\prime)f(x),\] for almost every \(x\in\mathbb{R}\). Moreover, \[\|\mathscr{M}_{b,\beta}^+f\|_{1,q}\leq C_{p_1,p_2,\beta}\|b\|_{1,p_2}\|f\|_{1,p_1}.\] The same conclusions also hold for the operator \(\mathscr{M}_{b,\beta}^-\). The theorems 1 and 2 not only extend the results of \textit{F. Liu} et al. [Math. Nachr. 293, No. 3, 491--509 (2020; Zbl 07198950)] to a one-sided setting but also investigate the regularity properties of the discrete analogue for commutators of the one-sided Hardy-Littlewood maximal functions and their fractional variants.