Quadrature identities and the Schottky double (Q2266144)

This paper is concerned with some questions on quadrature identities which were given by \textit{D. Aharonov} and \textit{H. S. Shapiro} [J. Anal. Math. 30, 39-73 (1976; Zbl 0337.30029)]. The quadrature identity is \[ \int_{\Omega}f dx dy=\sum^{m}_{k=1}\sum^{n_ k- 1}_{j=0}a_{kj}f^{(j)}(z_ k) \] where dx dy denotes two- dimensional Lebesgue measure, \(z_ 1,...,z_ k\) are given fixed points, \(a_{kj}\), \(1\leq k\leq m\), \(0\leq j\leq n_ k-1\) are given complex numbers. The identity holds for every function in a subspace of the space of all analytic and integrable functions in \(\Omega\). The domain \(\Omega\) contains \(z_ 1,...,z_ k\). It is called a quadrature domain and it has the following properties: (1) \(\Omega\) is a quadrature domain if and only if there exists a meromorphic function H(z) such that \(H(z)=\bar z\) on the boundary \(\partial \Omega\) of \(\Omega\). (2) A simply-connected domain is a quadrature domain if and only if it is the conformal image of the open unit disc under a rational function. (3) The boundary of a quadrature domain is a part of an algebraic curve. To study further properties of quadrature domains, the author introduces a new and very nice method: Completing a plane domain \(\Omega\) with a 'back side' \({\tilde \Omega}\) so that \(\Omega\) \(\cup \partial \Omega \cup {\tilde \Omega}\) becomes a compact Riemann surface, namely, the Schottky double of \(\Omega\). From this point of view, applying the theory of meromorphic functions on compact Riemann surfaces, he obtained many interesting results. Especially, he solved some open problems given by Aharonov and Shapiro. For example. (4) For any bounded domain W with analytic boundary, there exist quadrature domains arbitrarily close to W and conformally equivalent to W. (5) There exist continuous families of multiply connected domains satisfying the same quadrature identity. Finally we note that the author obtained these results before 1977.