Quantization of dynamical symplectic reduction (Q2662093)

The motivation of the paper under review is the attempt to give an answer to an unsolved problem in quantum gravity and cosmology [\textit{K. V. Kuchař}, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 20, Suppl. 1, 3--86 (2011; Zbl 1254.83002); \textit{C. J. Isham}, Lect. Notes Phys. 434, 150--169 (1994; Zbl 0821.53044)]. The paper formulates a framework to quantize a classical system where time-reparametrization-invariant dynamical systems are considered as Hamiltonian systems on symplectic manifolds, while time evolution and time-reparameterization flows are generated by the same phase-space function. The paper is related to the problem of time in quantum gravity and cosmology [the first author et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 28, No. 3, Article ID 035006, 18 p. (2011; Zbl 1208.83110); ``Effective approach to the problem of time: general features and examples'', Phys. Rev. D (3) 83, No. 12, Article ID 125023, 38 p. (2011; \url{doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.83.125023})]. The classical situation is briefly reviewed in the introduction, while the other sections deal with the so-called theory of algebraic sections which generalizes the classical gauge sections in systems with one constraint to the quantum case. The situation in the classical case is summarized in Proposition 1, while Proposition 2, which is the main result of the paper, is devoted to the quantum case. In the classical case the following objects are considered: \[ L \xrightarrow{\iota} M_{C} \xrightarrow{i} M \tag{\(*\)} \] and \[ \Omega_{L} \xleftarrow{\iota^{\star}} \Omega_{M/C} \xleftarrow{i^{\star}} \Omega_M, \] where \((M,\Omega)\) is a symplectic manifold, \(C\in C^{\infty}(M)\), \(M/C\) is the symplectic reduction of \(M\) by \(C\), \(M\supset M_C: C=0\) with respect to the gauge flow generated by the Hamiltonian vector field \(X_C\) of \(C\), \(i\) is inclusion, \(\iota\) is an embedding, \((L,\Omega_L,\iota)\) is defined as a section of the gauge flow generated by the constraint \(C\), and \(\Omega_{M/C}\) is a unique symplectic form obtained from the presymplectic form \(i^{\star}\Omega\). Introducing the notion of global incisive section, Proposition 1 asserts that the global incisive section of the gauge fixed space space \((L,\Omega_L)\) is isomorphic to \((M/C,\Omega_{M/C})\). Canonical Darboux coordinates are introduced on the manifolds in the sequence \((*)\). Next are defined: the subset of fashionable sections \(\mathcal{F}\subset C^{\infty}(M_C)\), deparameterization, global relational evolution. The quantization of the reduced phase space is considered in the sense of deformation quantization à la Fedosov and Kontsevich [\textit{F. Bayen} et al., Ann. Phys. 111, 61--110 (1978; Zbl 0377.53024); \textit{M. Kontsevich}, ``Deformation quantization of Poisson manifolds. I'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:9709040}]. Section 2 starts with a subsection ``Systems of interest'' devoted to the Friedemann equation. In order to develop the theory of algebraic states, an unital \(\star\)-algebra \(\mathcal{A}\) is considered. In order to define the algebraic states, several definitions are introduced: kinematical states \(\Gamma\) of \(\mathcal{A}\), dynamical flow, singly constrained quantum system, algebra of Dirac observables, quantum clock \((\mathcal {Z}, \mathcal{F})\), where \(\mathcal {Z}\) is a reference observable with a compatible fashionable algebra \(\mathcal{F}\), relational observable, constraint surface \(\Gamma_C\subset\Gamma\) surface, time evolution, quantum constraint deparameterized by the clock \((\mathcal {Z}, \mathcal{F})\) when \([Z,C_H]=ih\1\), the commutant \(Z'\) of the unital algebra \(\star\)-algebra \(\mathcal{A}\). Proposition 2 expresses the extension of results presented in Proposition 1 referring to the classical case to quantum dynamical reduction in the linear case. It is proved that if \(C_H\in \mathcal{A}\) is deparameterized by a clock, there is a bijection between \(\Gamma_{C_H}\) and \(\Gamma_{Z'}\) which verifies some conditions relating transversality, deparameterized time evolution and positivity. Section 3 contains the proof of Proposition 2. Also the example of the parameterized particle is presented in Section 3. Section 4 discusses the situation of polynomial constraints, eliminating the restriction \([Z,C]=ih\1\). At first, the situation of linearization and cancellation is discussed, then the non-relativistic constraints, and finally the relativistic constraints.