Qualitative study of a class of nonlinear boundary value problems at resonance (Q759883)

The authors study the nonlinear differential equation \(Eu=f+g(u)\), where \(g=g(u): {\mathbb{R}}\to {\mathbb{R}}\) is a continuous function with finite limits \(g(-\infty)=g(+\infty)\), where \(f\in L_ 2(G)\) is a given function, and E is a given selfadjoint differential operator with homogeneous boundary conditions and finite dimensional kernel (resonance). [More generally \(g=g(x,u)\) with \(g(x,-\infty)=g(x,+\infty)\) where \(g(x,-\infty)=\lim \sup g(x,u)\) as \(u\to -\infty\), and \(g(x,+\infty)=\lim \inf g(x,u))\) as \(u\to +\infty]\). In terms of the alternative method, if H, the usual partial inverse of E, is compact, if \(| g(x,u)| \leq c\), \(| g(x,u+h)- g(x,u)| \leq k| h|\) for some constants \(c,k>0\) and all \(x\in \bar G\) and \(u\in {\mathbb{R}}\); if L[c(meas G)\({}^{1/2}+\| f\|_ 2]\leq r\); \(kr+\| f\|_ 2\leq a\), where \(L=H(I-P)\), then equation \(Eu=f(x)+g(x,u(x))\) has at least one solution \(u\in L_ 2(G)\), \(u=u^*+u_ 1\), \(u^*\in \ker E\), \(u_ 1\in (\ker E)^{\perp}\), \(\| u^*\|_ 2\leq \rho\), \(\| u_ 1\|_ 2\leq r\). Examples are given where \(g(x,-\infty)=g(x,+\infty)\), and other situations are also discussed where this relation holds.