Generic singularities of relay systems (Q2477033)

Let \(Z_{\lambda_1,\lambda_2}\) denote the vector field \((x_2 + \lambda_1 x_4^2 + \lambda_2 x_4^3) \partial / \partial x_1 + x_3 \partial / \partial x_2 + x_4 \partial / \partial x_3 + \text{sgn}(x_1) \partial / \partial x_4\) on \({\mathbb R}^4\), let \(Z_{\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\mu_1,\mu_2,\mu_3}\) denote the vector field \(Z_{\lambda_1,\lambda_2} + \mu_1 x_3 x_4 \partial / \partial x_1 + \mu_2 x_4^2 \partial / \partial x_2 + \mu_3 x_4 \partial / \partial x_4\), and let \(\Omega\) denote the set of all vector fields of the form \(Z_{\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\mu_1,\mu_2,\mu_3} + R\) where \(R\) is \(C^\infty\) and small. The authors motivate the study of such objects, and classify singularities that arise in generic 1-parameter families. The classification is a geometric characterization of the phase space in the neighborhood of a singularity.