Thresholds of survival for an \(n\)-dimensional Volterra mutualistic system in a polluted environment (Q1840526)

In this paper, the following \(n\)-dimensional Volterra mutualistic system in a polluted environment has been analyzed: \[ \begin{cases} dx_1 (t)/dt & = x_1\bigl[r_{10}-r_{11} C_0(t)-a_{11} x_1(t)-a_{12}x_2(t)- \cdots-a_{1n} x_n(t)\bigr]\\ dx_2(t)/dt & = x_2\bigl[r_{20}-r_{21} C_0(t)-a_{21} x_1(t) -a_{22} x_2(t)-\cdots -a_{2n}x_n(t)\bigr]\\ \hdotsfor 2 \\ dx_n(t)/dt & = x_n \bigl[r_{n0}-r_{n1} C_0(t)-a_{n1} x_1(t)-a_{n2}x_2(t) -\cdots -a_{nn}x_n(t) \bigr] \end{cases} \] The thresholds between persistence and extinction for each population have been obtained. That is, if \(\langle C_0\rangle_*\) \(<\mu_k\) \((k=1,2,\dots,n)\), then the population \(x_k(t)\) is weakly persistent in the mean; if \(\langle C_0\rangle_*\) \(>\mu_k\) \((k=1,2, \dots,n)\), then the population goes to extinction. Here, \[ \langle C_0\rangle_* :=\liminf_{t\to +\infty} t^{-1}\int^t_0 C_0(s)ds. \]