Distinguishing \(L\)-functions by joint universality (Q2231365)

Denote by \(\mathcal{S}\) the \textit{Selberg} class of Dirichlet functions \[\mathcal{L}(s):= \sum_{n>0} a(n)n^{-s}\] and by \(\mathcal{S}^\#\) the \textit{extended Selberg} class. Theorem 1. For \(j=1, 2\), let \(\mathcal{L}_j\) be entire elements of \(\mathcal{S}^\#\) and denote by \(\mathcal{Z}_j\) the multiset of their zeros. (i) Suppose that \(\mathcal{Z}_1 \subset \mathcal{Z}_2\) and that \(\mathrm{deg}\ \mathcal{L}_1 + 1 > \mathrm{deg}\ \mathcal{L}_2\). If the constant term \(a_1(1)\) in the Dirichlet representation of \(\mathcal{L}_1\) does not vanish, then there exists a Dirichlet series \(\mathcal{D}\), absolutely convergent in the whole complex plane, such that \(\mathcal{L}_2 = \mathcal{L}_1 \cdot \mathcal{D}\). (ii) If \(\mathcal{L}_1\) and \(\mathcal{L}_2\) are jointly universal and \(a_1(1) \not= 0\), then at least one of the two relations in (i) cannot hold. Theorem 2. Joint universality for primitive \(L\)-functions implies unique factorization in \(\mathcal{S}\) (resp., \(\mathcal{S}^\#\)).