Obstruction bundles, semiregularity, and Seiberg-Witten invariants (Q1304447)

Seiberg-Witten invariants for complex algebraic surfaces are computed from moduli spaces of complex curves on it (Hilbert schemes) satisfying additional numerical conditions which are similar to stability. In this paper, these moduli spaces are studied and the corresponding Seiberg-Witten invariants are computed by means of the construction of the obstruction bundles together with Brill-Noether theory. Section 1 is devoted to the construction by holomorphic methods of the Hilbert scheme of all effective divisors algebraically equivalent to a given one \(D_0\). The relevant deformation theory is also described. In section 2, the authors study the deformation theory for Seiberg-Witten theory and prove that for those algebraic surfaces \(X\) with vanishing second cohomology group of the structure sheaf, the Kuranishi models of both theories are isomorphic as complex spaces. As a consequence, the natural homeomorphism from the Seiberg-Witten moduli space to the Hilbert scheme of curves is an isomorphism of real analytic spaces in this case. The condition \(H^2(X,{\mathcal O}_X)=0\) excludes surfaces of general type as well as elliptic, K3 or abelian surfaces, but these surfaces are not interesting from the Seiberg-Witten theory viewpoint. In section 3, the authors discuss the case when the moduli space is smooth but does not have the expected dimension coming from deformation theory and prove that there exists an obstruction bundle over the moduli space whose top Chern class determines the Seiberg-Witten invariants. In section 4, this study is applied to elliptic surfaces. The remainder of the paper is devoted to ruled surfaces. In section 5 the authors deal with surfaces of the form \(\mathbb{P}^1 \times C\), where \(C\) is a curve of genus \(\geq 1\) generic in the sense of Brill-Noether theory. The infinitesimal and analytic structure of the moduli spaces is studied and the Seiberg-Witten invariants are computed when the curve \(D_0\) is a section of the surface (possibly with fibre components). In section 6, the authors study the Seiberg-Witten invariants for a ruled surface of the form \(\mathbb{P}(V)\), where \(V\) is a stable rank two bundle over a curve \(C\) of genus \(\geq 2\). When \(c_1(V)=0\) and \(V\) is general, the corresponding Hilbert schemes are smooth and have the expected dimension. Using this result the authors compute the Seiberg-Witten invariants in the case of a section by exploiting the relationship between Seiberg-Witten theory for ruled surfaces and Brill-Noether theory for the base curve. The formula obtained is a particular case of the transition formula for Seiberg-Witten invariants due to \textit{T. J. Li} and \textit{A. Liu} [Math. Res. Lett. 2, No. 6, 797-810 (1995; Zbl 0871.57017)] and the authors [\textit{R. Friedman} and \textit{J. W. Morgan}, J. Algebr. Geom. 6, No. 3, 445-479 (1997; Zbl 0896.14015)].