On the spectrum of certain discrete Schrödinger operators with quasiperiodic potential (Q1975997)

We define the following functions \(h_z(\theta)= z-\sum^d_{j=1} 2\cos 2\pi\theta_j\), \(\theta= (\theta_1,\dots, \theta_d)\in \mathbb{R}^d\), \(z\in\mathbb{C}\), \(G(z)= (2\pi)^{-d} \int_{T^d}\log|h_z(\theta)|d\theta\), \(z\in\mathbb{C}/[- 2d,2d]\), \(c_\lambda(z)= G(z)- \log\lambda\), \(\lambda>0\), and the sets \[ P_\lambda= \{z\in\mathbb{C}\mid c_\lambda(z)= 0\},\;C_\lambda= \{z\in\mathbb{C}\mid c_\lambda(z)\geq 0\}\cap [-2d,2d],\;S_\lambda= P_\lambda\cup C_\lambda. \] We consider the bounded operator \(H_\alpha(\lambda)\) on \(\ell^2_d\) \[ H_\alpha(\lambda) u(n) \underset{\text{df}}= \sum^d_{j=1} (u(n+ e_j)+ u(n- e_j))+ \lambda e^{2\pi i(n,\alpha)}u(n),\quad n\in\mathbb{Z}^d,\quad \alpha\in\mathbb{R}^d. \] A \(d\)-tuple \(\alpha\in \mathbb{R}^d\) is called irrational if \(1,\alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_d\) is linearly independent over \(\mathbb{Q}\). The author proves the following theorem: Assume that \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^d\) is irrational and \(\lambda\in\mathbb{C}\). Then the equation \[ \text{spectrum }H_\lambda(\lambda)= S_{|\lambda|} \] holds, thus generalizing a theorem of P. Sarnatz.