Quilted Floer cohomology (Q969680)

The authors generalize Lagrangian Floer cohomology to sequences of Lagrangian correspondences. This allows them to lay the foundations for the construction of a symplectic 2-category and to define topological invariants via decomposition and representation in the symplectic category. Lagrangian Floer cohomology associates to a pair of compact Lagrangian manifolds a chain complex whose differential counts pseudoholomorphic strips with boundary values in the given Lagrangians. For a symplectic manifold \((M,\omega)\), its dual is defined as the symplectic manifold \(M^{-}=(M,-\omega)\). Definition: Let \((M_{1},\omega_{1})\), \((M_{2},w_{2})\) be symplectic manifolds. A Lagrangian correspondence from \(M_{1}\) to \(M_{2}\) is a Lagrangian submanifold \(L_{12}\subset M^{-}_{1}\times M_{2}\). The following are examples of Lagrangian correspondences; (1) (trivial) Let \(M_{1}=\emptyset\) and \(M_{2}\) be any symplectic manifold. In this case, the one and only Lagrangian is given by \(L_{12}=\emptyset\). (2) (Lagrangians) For any fixed point \(p\in M\), a Lagrangian \(L\subset M\) can be viewed as a correspondence \(L\subset p^{-}\times M\) from \(p\) to \(M\) and as correspondence \(L\subset M^{-}\times p\) from \(M\) to \(p\). (3) (graphs) If \(\phi_{12}:M_{1},\rightarrow M_{2}\) is a symplectomorphism, then its graph \[ \text{graph}(\phi_{12})=\{(m_{1},\phi_{12}(m_{1}))\mid m_{1}\in M_{1}\}\subset M^{-}_{1}\times M_{2} \] is a Lagrangian correspondence. (4) (fibered coisotropics) Suppose \(\iota:C\rightarrow M\) is a coisotropic submanifold. Then the null distribution \(TC^{\omega}\) is integrable [\textit{D. McDuff, D. Salamon}, \(J\)-holomorphic curves and symplectic topology. Colloquium Publications. American Mathematical Society 52. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2004; Zbl 1064.53051), Lemma 5.30]. Suppose that \(TC^{\omega}\) is in fact fibrating, that is, there exists a symplectic manifold \((B,\omega_{B})\) and a fibration \(\pi:C\rightarrow B\) such that \(\iota^{*}\omega\) is the pullback \(\pi^{*}\omega_{B}\). Then \((\iota\times \pi):C\rightarrow M^{-}\times B\) maps \(C\) to a Lagrangian correpondence. (5) (level sets of moment maps) Let \(G\) be a Lie group with Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\). Suppose that \(G\) acts on \(M\) by Hamiltonian symplectmorphisms generated by a moment map \(\mu:M\rightarrow\mathfrak{g}^{*}\) (\(\mu\) is equivariant and the generating vector fields \(\mathfrak{g}\rightarrow \text{Vect}(M)\), \(\xi\rightarrow\xi_{M}\) satisfy \(\iota(\xi_{M})\omega=-d(\mu,\xi)\)). If \(G\) acts freely on \(\mu^{-1}(0)\), then \(\mu^{-1}(0)\) is a smooth submanifold coisotropic fibered over the symplectic quotient \(M/ /G=\mu^{-1}(0)/ G\) which is a symplectic manifold. Hence, we have a Lagrangian correspondence \[ (\iota\times \pi):\mu^{-1}(0)\rightarrow M^{-}\times (M/ / G). \] The symplectic form \(\omega_{M/ / G}\) is the unique 2-form on \(M/ / G\) satisfying \(\pi^{*}\omega_{M/ / G}=\iota^{*}\omega\). Definition: Let \(M_{0}\), \(M_{1}\) and \(M_{2}\) be symplectic manifolds and \(L_{01}\subset M^{-}_{0}\times M_{1}\), \(L_{12}\subset M^{-}_{1}\times M_{2}\) be Lagrangian correspondences. (1) the dual Lagrangian correspondence of \(L_{01}\) is \[ L^{t}_{01}=\{(m_{1},m_{0})\mid (m_{0},m_{1})\in L_{01}\}\subset M^{-}_{1}\times M_{0}. \] (2) The geometric composition of \(L_{01}\) and \(L_{12}\) is \[ L_{01}\circ L_{12}=\{(m_{0},m_{2})\in M^{-}_{0}\times M_{2}\mid\;\exists m_{1}\in M_{1}: (m_{0},m_{1})\in L_{01},\;(m_{1},m_{2})\in L_{12}\}. \] Geometric composition and duals of Lagrangian correspondences satisfy the following: (1) if \(\phi_{01}:M_{0}\rightarrow M_{1}\) and \(\phi_{12}:M_{1}\rightarrow M_{2}\) are symplectomorphisms, then \[ \text{graph}(\phi_{01})\circ \text{graph}(\phi_{12})=\text{graph}(\phi_{12}\circ \phi_{01}),\quad \text{graph}(\phi_{01})^{t}=\text{graph}(\phi^{-1}_{01}). \] (2) (zero) For any Lagrangian correspondence \(L_{01}\subset M^{-}_{0}\times M_{1}\), we have \(\emptyset\circ L_{01}=\emptyset\) and \(L_{01}\circ \emptyset=\emptyset\). (3) (identity) If \(L_{01}\subset M^{-}_{0}\times M_{1}\) is a Lagrangian correspondence and \(\triangle_{j}\subset M^{-}_{j}\times M_{j}\) are the diagonals, then \(L_{01}=\triangle_{0}\circ L_{01}=L_{01}\circ \triangle_{1}\). (4) (associativity) if \(L_{01}\subset M^{-}_{0}\times M_{1}\), \(L_{12}\subset M^{-}_{1}\times M_{2}\), \(L_{23}\subset M^{-}_{2}\times M_{3}\) are Lagrangian correspondences, then \[ (L_{01}\circ L_{12})\circ L_{23}= L_{01}\circ (L_{12}\circ L_{23}),\quad (L_{01}\circ L_{12})^{t}=(L_{12}^{t}\circ (L_{01})^{t}. \] Remark: The geometric compositions can be equivalently defined as follows: consider the projection \(\pi_{02}:M^{-}_{0}\times M_{1}\times M^{-}_{1}\times M_{2}\rightarrow M^{-}_{0}\times M_{2}\) and \(L_{12}\times_{M_{1}} L_{01}=(L_{01}\times L_{12})\cap (M^{-}_{0}\times \triangle_{1}\times M_{2})\). So, \[ L_{01}\circ L_{12}=\pi_{02}(L_{01}\times_{M_{1}}L_{12}). \] Of course, there are transversality issues to be considered. The composition \(L_{01}\circ L_{12}\) is defined to be embedded if \(L_{12}\times_{M_{1}} L_{01}\) is cut out transversally and the projection \(\pi_{02}:L_{12}\times_{M_{1}} L_{01}\rightarrow L_{01}\circ L_{12}\subset M^{-}_{0}\times M_{2}\) is an embedding. In Lemma 2.0.5, the authors prove that, if the following hypothesis are verified: (i) the Lagrangians are compact (ii) the intersection is transverse, and (iii) the projection is injective, then the composition \(L_{01}\circ L_{12}=L_{02}\) is embedded. Definition: Let \(M,\;M'\) be symplectic manifolds. A generalized Lagrangian correspondence \(\underline{L}\) from \(M\) to \(M'\) consists of (i) a sequence \(N_{0},\dots,N_{r}\) of any length \(r+1\geq 2\) of symplectic manifolds with \(N_{0}=M\) and \(N_{r}=M'\); (ii) a sequence \(L_{01},\dots, L_{(r-1)r}\) of compact Lagrangian correspondences such that \(L_{(j-1)j}\subset N^{-}_{j-1}\times N_{j}\) for \(j=1,\dots,r\). Definition: Let \(\underline{L}\) from \(M\) to \(M'\) and \(\underline{L}'\) from \(M'\) to \(M''\) be two generalized Lagrangian correspondences. Then, we define the composition \[ (\underline{L},\underline{L}')=(L_{01},\dots, L_{(r-1)r},L_{01}',\dots, L_{(r'-1)r'}') \] as a generalized Lagrangian correspondence from \(M\) to \(M''\). The dual is defined by \(\underline{L}^{t}=(L^{t}_{(r-1)r},\dots, L^{t}_{01})\) Definition: A cyclic generalized Lagrangian correspondence, \(\underline{L}\) consists of (1) a cyclic sequence \(M_{0},M_{1},\dots, M_{r},M_{r+1}=M_{0}\) of symplectic manifolds of any length \(r+1\geq 1\), (2) a sequence \(L_{01},\dots, L_{r(r+1)}\) of compact Lagrangian corespondences such that \(L_{j(j+1)}\subset M^{-}_{j}\times M_{j+1}\) for \(j=0,\dots,r\). Associated to a cyclic generalized Lagrangian correspondence the authors define the quilted Floer homology \(HF(L_{01},L_{12},\dots, L_{r(r+1)})\) generated by generalized intersection points. The quilted differential counts tuples of pseudoholomorphic strips \((u_{j}:\mathbb{R}\times[0,1]\rightarrow M_{j})_{j=0,\dots,r}\) whose boundaries match up via the Lagrangian correspondences \((u_{j}(s,1),u_{j+1}(s,0))\in L_{j(j+1)}\) for \(j=0,\dots, r\). Under the assumption of further technical details concerning monotonicity, the main theorem concerning this new structure is the following. Main Theorem: Consider a cyclic generalized Lagrangian correspondence \(\underline{L}=(L_{01},\dots, L_{(r-1)r})\) for which the geometric compositions \(L_{(l-1)l}\circ L_{l(l+1)}\) are embedded and satisfies suitable monotonicity conditions. So, there is a canonical isomorphism \[ HF(L_{01},\dots, L_{(l-1)l}, L_{l(l+1)},\dots,L_{(r-1)r})\simeq HF(L_{01},\dots, L_{(l-1)l}\circ L_{l(l+1)},\dots, L_{(r-1)r}). \] Consider a compact manifold \(Y\) and a Morse function \(f:Y\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) inducing a decomposition \(Y=Y_{01}\cup \dots\cup Y_{(k-1)k}\) into simple cobordisms by cutting along nontrivial level sets \(X_{1},\dots, X_{k-1}\). Suppose one can associate to each \(X_{j}\) a monotone symplectic manifold \(M(X_{j})\) and to each \(Y_{(j-1)j}\) with \(\partial Y_{(j-1)j}=X^{-}_{j-1}\cup X_{j}\) a smooth monotone Lagrangian correspondence \(L(Y_{(j-1)j})\subset M(X_{j-1})^{-}\times M(X_{j})\) (taking \(M(X_{0})\) and \(M(X_{k})\) to be points). Thus, if one can check the basic handle moves (cancellation and change of order of critical points) change the sequence of Lagrangian correspondences by replacing adjacents correspondences with an embedded composition, or vice-versa, then the equivalence class of sequences of Lagrangian correspondences by embedded compositions \([(L(Y_{01}),\dots, L(Y_{(k-1)k})]\) does not depend on the Morse function \(f\). Therefore, the Floer homology of the sequence of Lagrangian correspondences provides a topological invariant. The authors apply the technique to the following situations; (1) the group \(HF(T^{n}_{Cl},T^{n}_{Cl})\) is isomorphic to \(H_{*}(T^{n})\) (previously known in [\textit{C.-H. Cho}, Int. Math. Res. Not. 2004, No.~35, 1803--1843 (2004; Zbl 1079.53133)]), where \(T^{n}_{Cl}\subset \mathbb{C}P^{n}\) is the Clifford torus; (2) non-displaceability of the Lagrangian 3-sphere \(\Sigma\subset (\mathbb{C}P^{1})^{-}\times \mathbb{C}P^{2}\) arising from the reduction at the level set of an \(S^{1}\)-action on \(\mathbb{C}P^{2}\) containing \(T^{n}_{Cl}\); (3) the latter result extends to the case when \(\Sigma\subset (\mathbb{C}P^{k-1})^{-}\times \mathbb{C}P^{n}\) is the Lagrangian \((S^{1})^{n-k}\times S^{2k-1}\) arising from the monotone level set of an \(S^{n-k+1}\)-action on \(\mathbb{C}P^{n}\), for \(2\leq k\leq n\).