Elliptic curves and Thompson's sporadic simple group (Q2663308)

This paper first classifies all infinite-dimensional graded virtual modules for Thompson's sporadic simple group \(Th\) whose McKay-Thompson series satisfy certain properties. Mordell-Weil, Selmer, and Tate-Shafarevich groups of quadratic twists for certain elliptic curves are then considered, and using information from the \(Th\)-modules the non-triviality of these structures are obtained. Concerning the existence and classification of graded virtual Thompson modules, the author characterizes all infinite-dimensional graded \(Th\)-modules \(W=\bigoplus W_n\) whose McKay-Thompson series has the form \(\mathcal{F}_g(\tau):=6q^{-5}+\sum_{n>0}\operatorname{tr}(g\vert W_n)q^n\) such that for any \(g\in Th\), \(\mathcal{F}_g(\tau)\) is a weakly holomorphic modular form of weight \(\frac{3}{2}\), level \(4\lvert g\rvert\), a specified multiplier system, satisfies the Kohnen plus space condition, and has integral coefficients determined by its polar parts at the cusps in a specific way. In addition, the author shows each \(\mathcal{F}_g(\tau)\) has a pole of order \(g\) at the cusp \(\infty\), a pole of order \(\frac{5}{4}\) at the cusp \(\frac{1}{2\lvert g\rvert}\) if \(\lvert g\rvert\) is odd, and vanishes at all other cusps. To obtain these results, the theory of Radamacher sums and eta-quotients are used. In fact, the theory of Radamacher sums is used for the rational conjugacy classes of \([g]\not \in \{21A,30AB\}\), whereas the theory of eta-quotients is used for the cases of \(21A\) and \(30AB\). Turning to the main results, which surround elliptic curves, let \(\mathcal{F}(\tau)\) denote the unique weakly holomorphic modular form with expansion \(6q^{-5} +O(q)\) of weight \(\frac{3}{2}\), level \(4\), and residing in the plus space. Additionally, let \(\left(\frac{m}{n}\right)\) be the Kronecker symbol and \(c(d)\) denote the \(\lvert d\rvert^{th}\) Fourier coefficient of \(\mathcal{F}(\tau)\). Then the first main result considers a fundamental discriminant \(d<0\) satisfying \(\left(\frac{d}{19}\right)=-1\) and elliptic curve \(E\) of conductor \(19\). It is then shown that the Mordell-Weil group \(E^d(\mathbb{Q})\) is finite if \(c(d)\not \equiv 0 \pmod{19}\). Here \(E^d(\mathbb{Q})\) is the set of \(\mathbb{Q}\)-rational points on \(E^d\), which is the \(d^{th}\) quadratic twist of \(E\). Additional results are obtained surrounding elliptic curves of conductor \(14\). In this case, if the \(\lvert d\rvert^{th}\) coefficient of \(\mathcal{F}_g(\tau)\) is not \(0 \pmod{49}\) for \(g\in Th\) of order \(14\), then the corresponding Mordell-Weil group \(E^d(\mathbb{Q})\) is finite and the set consisting of elements of the Tate-Shafarevich group with order dividing \(7\) is trivial. Meanwhile, if \(\lvert d\rvert^{th}\) coefficient of \(\mathcal{F}_g(\tau)\) is \(0 \pmod{49}\) and \(\operatorname{tr}(g\vert W_4)\not \equiv 43\pmod{56}\), then the \(7\)-Selmer group of \(E^d\) is non-trivial. Additionally, in this latter case, if the \(L\)-function associated to \(E^d\) satisfies \(L_{E^d}(1) \not =0\), then the set consisting of elements of the Tate-Shafarevich group with order dividing \(7\) is non-trivial.