Gauss sums and binomial coefficients (Q5961000)

Let \(p= tn+r\) be a prime which splits in \(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-t})\) where \(t\) has one of the following forms \[ \begin{aligned} t= k>3 &\;\text{ for a prime } k\equiv 3\pmod 4,\\ t= 4k &\;\text{ for a prime } k\equiv 1\pmod 4,\\ t= 8k &\;\text{ for an odd prime } k. \end{aligned} \] Let \(q= p^f\), where \(f\) is the order of \(r\) modulo \(t\), \(\chi= \omega^{(q-1)/t}\), where \(\omega\) is the Teichmüller character on \(\mathbb{F}_q\), and \(g(\chi)\) be the Gauss sum. For suitable \(\tau_i\in \text{Gal} (\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_t, \zeta_p)/\mathbb{Q})\) \((i=1,\dots, g)\) it is shown that \[ \prod_{i=1}^g \tau_i(g(\chi))= p^\alpha ((a+b\sqrt{-t})/2), \] where \(4p^h= a^2+ tb^2\) \((a,b\in \mathbb{Z})\) and \(h\) is the class number of \(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-t})\). The authors explicitly compute \(a\) modulo \(\frac{t} {(8,t)}\) and \(a\) modulo \(p\). As a particular case of their results \((t=24\), \(k=3\), \(h=2\), \(a=2A\), \(b=2B)\) it is shown that for a prime \(p=24n+r\) \((r=1,5,7,11)\) so that \(p^2= A^2+ 6B^2\) with \((A,B)=1\) and \(A\equiv 1\pmod 3\), then \[ \begin{aligned} 2A&\equiv (-1)^n \binom{6n}{n} \binom{13n}{6n} \pmod p, \quad\text{if }r=1,\\ 2A&\equiv (-1)^n \binom{6n+1}{n} \binom{13n+2}{6n+1} \pmod p, \quad\text{if }r=5,\\ 2A&\equiv (-1)^{n+1} \binom{6n+1}{n} \binom{13n+3}{6n+1} \pmod p, \quad\text{if }r=7,\\ 2A&\equiv (-1)^{n+1} \binom{6n+2}{n} \binom{13n+5}{6n+2} \pmod p, \quad\text{if }r=11. \end{aligned} \] {}.