Localization of certain odd-dimensional manifolds with torus actions (Q2231246)

In [\textit{M. Goresky} et al., Invent. Math. 131, No. 1, 25--83 (1998; Zbl 0897.22009); \textit{O. Goertsches} and \textit{A.-L. Mare}, Math. Z. 277, No. 1--2, 1--27 (2014; Zbl 1305.57052)], the authors (among other results) prove that the equivariant cohomology \( H_T^*(M;\mathbb{Q}) \) of an even dimensional ``GKM space'' is isomorphic to an algebra constructed from a graph, in the case of a smooth action of a compact Lie group on a compact manifold. In this article, the author studies mainly differentiable actions of a torus on odd dimensional compact ``GKM spaces'' \(M\), defined as i) \( M \) is equivariantly formal ii) the fixed point set is a disjoint union of circles and iii) \( M_1 \) (the submanifold of 1-dimensional orbits and fixed points) is 3-dimensional. Using the classification of 3-dimensional equivariantly formal \( S^1 \) manifolds in [\textit{P. Orlik} and \textit{F. Raymond}, in: Proc. Conf. Transform. Groups, New Orleans 1967, 297--318 (1968; Zbl 0172.25402); \textit{F. Raymond}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 131, 51--78 (1968; Zbl 0157.30602); \textit{C. He}, J. Geom. Phys. 120, 242--261 (2017; Zbl 1383.57042)]) the author defines a graph and constructs an algebra from this graph and proves that it is isomorphic to the equivariant cohomology of the manifold. Several examples of such actions are given in the last section.