An alternative perspective on injectivity of modules. (Q663610)

Let \(N\) be a right \(R\)-module. A right \(R\)-module \(M\) is said to be \(N\)-injective if any homomorphism \(\varphi\colon N\to M\) can be extended to every extension \(K\) of \(N\). The subinjectivity domain of \(M\) is defined to be the collection of all modules \(N\) such that \(M\) is \(N\)-injective and is denoted by \(\text{In}^{-1}(M)\). Properties of the class of \(N\)-subinjectives and of the subinjectivity domain of a module \(M\) are studied first. It is shown, for example, that a direct product \(\prod_{i\in I}M_i\) is \(N\)-subinjective if and only if each \(M_i\) is \(N\)-subinjective and that \(N=\bigoplus _{i=1}^nN_i\in\text{In}^{-1}(M)\) if and only if \(N_i\in\text{In}^{-1}(M)\) \(\forall i=1,\dots,n\). If \(R\) is right Noetherian, this result is true for any direct sum, not just for a finite sum. It is shown that the requirement for \(R\) to be Noetherian is not superfluous. A module \(M\) is called indigent if \(\text{In}^{-1}(M)=\{A\in\text{Mod-}R\mid A\text{ is injective}\}\), in other words, a module is indigent if its subinjectivity domain is as small as possible. Indigent modules of different classes of rings are studied. It is shown, for example, that a ring \(R\) is semisimple Artinian if and only if every (nonzero) \(R\)-module is indigent. The question as to whether indigent modules exist over all rings is studied, but not answered in full. Many instances are shown where either of \(\mathbf M=\bigoplus_{U\in\mathbf B}U\), where \(\mathbf B\) is a complete set of non-injective uniform modules or \(\mathbf N=\bigoplus_{N\in\Gamma}N\), where \(\Gamma\) is a complete set of representatives of cyclic modules, is an indigent module. Another series of questions is considered, asking whether indigent modules over specific rings exist. Thus it is shown that both the ring of integers \(\mathbb Z\) and Artinian serial rings with \(J(R)^2=0\) have semisimple indigent modules, while QF serial rings have a singular indigent module. The relation between poor and indigent modules is studied in the final paragraph. It is shown that the concepts do not coincide. For an Artinian serial ring with \(J(R)^2=0\), though, indigent modules are poor and non-singular poor modules are indigent. If, moreover, \(R=\prod_{i=1}^nR_i\), where \(R_i\) is a non-semisimple Artinian serial ring with \(J(R_i)^2=0\) and a unique non-injective simple for each \(i=1,\dots,n\), then an \(R\)-module is poor if and only if it is indigent. Poor and indigent modules over a non-semisimple QF-ring with homogeneous socle and \(J(R)^2=0\) also coincide.