Extended affine root systems. I: Coxeter transformations (Q1063103)

This paper is the first part of the study on invariants for extended affine root systems with marking, which may be regarded as a development of the work of \textit{E. Looijenga} on root systems and elliptic curves [Invent. Math. 38, 17--32 (1976; Zbl 0358.17016)]. Let \(F\) be a real vector space of finite rank with a metric \(I\), whose signature is \((\mu_+,\mu_ 0,\mu_-)\). A subset \(R\) of \(F\) is called a root system of sign \((\mu_+,\mu_ 0,\mu_-)\) if it satisfies usual axioms of roots. Note that if \(\mu_ 0=0\) and \(\mu_-=0\) then \(R\) is finite and is a root system in the classical sense and if \(\mu_ 0=1\) and \(\mu_-=0\) then \(R\) is an affine root system. A root system of sign \((\ell,2,0)\) is called an extended affine root system of rank \(\ell\). A marking \(G\) for such root system \(R\) is a linear subspace of \(\text{rad}\, I\) of rank 1 defined over \(\mathbb Q\). The author classifies marked extended affine root systems \((R,G)\) and describes the set of roots. Further, he defines a Dynkin diagram \(\Gamma_{R,G}\) for an isomorphism class of \((R,G)\). The root system \((R,G)\) can be reconstructed from the given data of the Dynkin diagram. The author defines the Coxeter transformation of \((R,G)\) which is unique up to conjugacy in the Weyl group and he proves some of its properties (Lemmas A, B and C) which will be used essentially in the second part of the paper for the construction of flat \(\theta\)-invariants for marked extended affine root systems. Finally, he treats the foldings among Dynkin diagrams for \((R,G)\). The folding relation induces a hierarchy relation among diagrams so that all diagrams are divided into four groups.