Differential algebraic groups of finite dimension (Q1189482)

Let \(K/k\) be a field extension. By a Lie \(K/k\) algebra \(P\) the author means a \(K\)-vector space \(P\) which is also a Lie \(k\)-algebra, plus a \(K\)- linear map \(\partial:P\to\text{Der}_ k(K)\) satisfying \([p,xq]=\partial(p)(x)q+x[p,q]\) for \(x\in K\), \(p,q\in P\). Associated to \(P\) is the \(k\)-algebra of differential operators \(D=K[P]\), which is the associative \(k\)-algebra generated by \(K\) and \(P\) subject to the relations that \(K\) multiplies \(P\) on the left according to the vector space structure, that \(pq-qp=[p,q]\) for \(p,q\in P\), and that \(px- xp=\partial(p)(x)\) for \(x\in K\), \(p\in P\). Associated to \(D\) one has the categories of \(D\)-modules (which are left modules for \(D)\), \(D\)-algebras (which are \(K\)-algebras and \(D\)-modules such that all structure maps are \(D\)-module maps), and \(D\)-schemes \((K\)-schemes whose structure sheafs are \(D\)-algebras). The main objects studied in the book are the \(D\)-group schemes (groups in the category of \(D\)-schemes), in particular the algebraic \(D\)-groups, by which is meant those which are also \(K\)- groups. When \(d\in\text{Der}_ k(K)\) there is an associated Lie \(K/k\) algebra \(P\) defined by \(P=\{xp\mid x\in K\}\) with \(\partial (xp)=xd\) and \([xp,yp]=(xdy-ydx)p\); in this case \(D=\sum Kp^ i\) is the algebra of ordinary linear differential operators on \(K\) generated by \(d\) and \(D\)- algebras are just \(K\)-algebras to which \(d\) has been extended. In this example, algebraic \(D\)-groups are algebraic \(K\)-groups to whose structure sheaf \(d\) has been extended compatibly with the group structure. The notion of \(D\)-group is connected to the notion of differential algebraic group as follows: define a \(\Delta\)-field to be a field of characteristic zero endowed with a family of \(m\) pairwise commuting derivations. Fix a \(\Delta\)-field \({\mathcal U}\) which is universal over a \(\Delta\)-subfield \({\mathcal F}\) in the sense that if \({\mathcal F}_ 1\) is a \(\Delta\)-finitely generated \(\Delta\)-extension of \({\mathcal F}\) in \({\mathcal U}\) then for morphisms \(\sigma:{\mathcal F}_ 1\to {\mathcal F}_ 2\) of \(\Delta\)-fields with \({\mathcal F}_ 2\) \(\Delta\)-finitely generated over \({\mathcal F}_ 1\) there is a \(\Delta\)-morphisms \(\tau:{\mathcal F}_ 2\to{\mathcal U}\) such that \(\tau\sigma\) restricts to the identity on \({\mathcal F}_ 1\). Let \({\mathcal U}\{y_ 1,\dots,y_ n\}\) denote the algebra of differential polynomials over \({\mathcal U}\) in \(n\) differential indeterminates. By a \(\Delta\) closed subset of \({\mathcal U}^ n\) is meant the simultaneous zeros of a subset of \({\mathcal U}\{y_ 1,\dots,y_ n\}\). The set of all such subsets form a topology on \({\mathcal U}^ n\). A \({\mathcal U}\)-valued function on a \(\Delta\)-closed subset is called regular if it is locally given by the ratio of differential polynomials. The local nature of this definition defines a sheaf of regular functions on \(\Delta\)-closed subsets and this is extended in the obvious way to define the notion of a \(\Delta\)-manifold (namely, an irreducible topological space with a sheaf of rings on it and a finite open cover on which the sheaf restricts to the above case). Since a \(\Delta\)-manifold is irreducible, its sheaf has a generic stalk which is a field; the transcendance degree of this field over \({\mathcal U}\) is the dimension of the manifold. Groups in the category of \(\Delta\)-manifolds are called \(\Delta\)-groups. \(\Delta\)-manifolds \((\Delta\)-groups) of finite dimension are called \(\Delta_ 0\)-manifolds \((\Delta_ 0\)-groups). The principal results of the book are as follows: first, for a general \(P\) with \(K\) algebraically closed, the author considers the problem of classifying \(D\)-groups. The idea is to both determine the \(K\)-groups which admit a \(D\)-structure and then to classify all the \(D\)-structures on a given \(K\)-group. The author succeeds in this when the underlying \(K\)-group is affine and algebraic, and when it is one-dimensional, plus obtains some partial results in other cases. For an affine algebraic \(K\)- group, having a \(D\)-structure turns out to be equivalent to being defined over the \(P\)-fixed subfield of \(K\). The classification of \(D\)-structures is carried out by constructing a principal homogeneous space for them on the \(K\)-group \(G\) (which of course is empty if \(G\) has no such structure) and analyzing it via some exact sequences. Next, associated to the family of commuting derivations in the \(\Delta\)-theory there is a \({\mathcal U}/{\mathcal K}\) Lie algebra \(({\mathcal K}\) is the subfield of constants) similar to the case of one derivation noted above and hence a theory of \(D\)-structures on \({\mathcal U}\)-groups. The author proves that the functor which assigns to each \(D\)-group \(G\) its group of \(D-{\mathcal U}\)-points (i.e. group of \(D\)-scheme morphisms from \(G\) to \(\text{Spec}({\mathcal U}))\) is a category equivalence from the category of irreducible algebraic \(D\)- groups to the category of \(\Delta_ 0\)-groups. The book consists of an introduction; a section 0 of notations, conventions, and references to previous work of the author; Chapter 1, which covers the basic ideas related to \(D\)-groups; Chapter 2, which covers affine \(D\)-group schemes; Chapter 3, which covers commutative algebraic \(D\)-groups; Chapter 4, which covers general algebraic \(D\)- groups; Chapter 5, which deals with \(\Delta_ 0\) groups; and three appendices.