Some theorems on generalized Dedekind-Rademacher sums (Q1231512)

The Dedekind sum \(s(h,k)\) is defined by \[ s(h,k)=\sum_{a\pmod k}\left(\left(\frac ak\right)\right)\left(\left(\frac{ha}k\right)\right), \] where \(((x))=x-[x]-\frac 12\) (\(x\neq\) integer); \(((x))=0\) (\(x=\) integer). The most striking property of \(s(h,k)\) is the reciprocity theorem [\textit{H. Rademacher} and \textit{E. Grosswald}, Dedekind sums. Carus Mathematical Monographs (1972; Zbl 0251.10020), Ch. 2] \[ 12hk(s(h,k)+s(k,h))=h^2-3hk+k^2+1\quad ((h,k)=1). \] \textit{T. M. Apostol} [Duke Math. J. 17, 147--157 (1950; Zbl 0039.03801)] defined the generalized sum \(s_n(h,k)=\sum_{a\pmod k}\overline{B}_1\left(\frac ak\right)\overline{B}_n\left(\frac{ha}k\right)\), where \(\overline{B}_n(x)=B_n(x-[x])\) and \(\frac{ze^{xz}}{e^z-1}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty B_n(x)\frac{z^n}{n!}\). The sum \(s_n(h,k)\) satisfies \[ (n+1)\left(hk^ns(h,k)+kh^ns(k,h)\right)=(Bk+Bh)^{n+1}+nB_{n+1}\quad ((h,k)=1)\tag{*} \] for all \(n\geq 0\). A further generalization is given by \[ \varphi_{r,s}(h,k)=\sum_{a\pmod k}\overline{B}_r\left(\frac ak\right)\overline{B}_s\left(\frac {ha}k\right), \] where \(r,s\) are arbitrary nonnegative integers. Put \[ \psi_{r,s}=\sum_{t=0}^r (-1)^t\binom rt k^t\varphi_{r-t,s+t}(h,k). \] The author [Nederl. Akad. Wet., Proc., Ser. A 77, 413--422 (1974; Zbl 0291.10005); Pac. J. Math. 3, 523--527 (1954; Zbl 0057.03703)] has proved the following reciprocity theorem that contains \((*)\) as a special case: \[ (s+1)k^s\psi_{r+1,s}(h,k)-(s+1)kB_{r+1}B_s=(r+1)h^r\psi_{s+1,r}(k,h)-(r+1)hB_{s+1}B_r \quad ((h,k)=1). \] He has also proved that \[ (u-1)\sum_{r=1}^{k-1}u^{k-r-1}v^{[hr/k]}-(v-1)\sum_{r=1}^{h-1}v^{h-r-1}u^{[hr/k]}=u^{k-1}-v^{h-1}\quad ((h,k)=1), \] where \(u,v\) are indeterminates. \textit{H. Rademacher} [Acta Arith. 9, 7--105 (1964; Zbl 0128.27101)] has generalized \(s(h,k)\) in the form \[ s(h,k;x,y)=\sum_{a\pmod k}\left(\left( h\frac {a+y}{k}\right)\right)\left(\left(\frac {a+y}k\right)\right), \] where \(x,y\) are arbitrary real numbers. He proved that \[ s(h,k;x,y)+s(k,h;y,x)=-\frac 14\delta(x)\delta(y)+((x))((y))+\frac 12\left(\frac hk\overline{B}_2(y)+\frac 1{hk}\overline{B}_2(hy+kx)+\frac kh\overline{B}_2(x)\right), \] where \((h,k)=1\) and \(\delta(x)=1\) (\(x\neq\) integer); \(\delta(x)=0\) (\(x=\) integer). For another proof see Acta Arith. 29, 309--313 (1976; Zbl 0282.10016). In the present paper \[ \varphi_{r,s}(h,k)=\sum_{a\pmod k}\overline{B}_r\left( h\frac {a+y}k+x\right)\overline{B}_s\left(\frac {a+y}k\right), \] and \[ \psi_{r,s}(h,k;x,y)=\sum_{j=0}^r (-1)^{r-j}\binom rj h^{r-j}\varphi_{j,r+s-j}(h,k;x,y). \] It is proved that \(\psi_{r,s}(h,k;x,y)\) satisfies \[ (s+1)k^s\psi_{r+1,s}(h,k; x,y)-(r+1)h^r\psi_{s+1,r}(h,k; x,y)=(s+1)k\overline{B}_{r+1}(x)\overline{B}_s(y)-(r+1)h\overline{B}_{s+1}(y)\overline{B}_r(x) \quad ((h,k)=1). \] It is also proved that \[ (1-v)\sum_{a=0}^{k-1} u^{h-[(ha+z)/k]}v^a-(1-u)\sum_{b=0}^{h-1} v^{k-[(kb+z)/h]}u^b=u^h-v^k, \] where \((h,k)=1\), \(z=kx+hy\) and \(u,v\) are indeterminates. A number of additional results are also proved, for example \[ \sum_{a=0}^{k-1}\left(h-\left[\frac{ha+z}{k}\right]\right)^r\left((a+1)^s-a^s\right)=\sum_{b=0}^{h-1} \left(k-\left[\frac{kb+z}{h}\right]\right)^s\left((b+1)^r-b^r\right), \] where \((h,k)=1\), \(r>0\), \(s>0\) and \(0\leq z<h+k\); \[ s\sum_{a=0}^{k-1}a^{s-1}B_r\left(\left[\frac{ha+z}{k}\right]\right)-r\sum_{b=0}^{h-1}b^{r-1}B_s\left(\left[\frac{kb+z}{h}\right]\right)=B_r(h)B_s-B_rB_s(k), \] where \((h,k)=1\), \(r\geq 0\), \(s\geq 0\) and \(0\leq z<h+k\).