Maximum number of limit cycles for generalized Kukles polynomial differential systems (Q2281304)

In this paper, the authors investigate (by using averaging theory of first and second order) the maximum number of limit cycles which bifurcate from the periodic orbits of the linear center $\dot{x}=-y$, $\dot{y}=x$, which is perturbed inside the class of generalized polynomial Kukles differential systems \[ \begin{cases} \dot{x}=-y+l(x), \\ \dot{y}=x-f(x)-g(x)y-h(x)y^{2}-d_{0}y^{3}, \end{cases} \tag{1} \] where $l(x)=\varepsilon l^{1}(x)+\varepsilon ^{2}l^{2}(x)$, $f(x)=\varepsilon f^{1}(x)+\varepsilon ^{2}f^{2}(x)$, $g(x)=\varepsilon g^{1}(x)+\varepsilon ^{2}g^{2}(x)$, $h(x)=\varepsilon h^{1}(x)+\varepsilon^{2}h^{2}(x)$, and $d_{0}=\varepsilon d_{0}^{1}+\varepsilon ^{2}d_{0}^{2}$, where $l^{k}(x)$, $f^{k}(x)$, $g^{k}(x)$, $h^{k}(x)$ have degrees $m$, $n_{1}$, $n_{2}$, and $n_{3}$ respectively, $d_{0}^{k}\neq 0$ is a real number for each $k=1$, $2$, and $\varepsilon $ is a small parameter. The main results are as follows. Theorem 1. If $\left\vert \varepsilon \right\vert 0$ is small enough, the maximum number of limit cycles of the generalized Kukles polynomial differential system (1) bifurcating from the periodic orbits of the linear centre $\dot{x}=-y$, $\dot{y}=x$ using the averaging theory of first order is \[ \lambda _{1}=\max \left\{ \left[ \frac{m-1}{2}\right] ,\left[ \frac{n_{2}}{2}\right] ,1\right\} . \] Theorem 2. If $\left\vert \varepsilon \right\vert 0$ is small enough, the maximum number of limit cycles of the generalized Kukles polynomial differential system (1) bifurcating from the periodic orbits of the linear centre $\dot{x}=-y$, $\dot{y}=x$ using the averaging theory of second order is \begin{multline*} \lambda _{1} =\max \left\{\left[ \frac{n_{1}}{2}\right] +\left[ \frac{n_{2}-1}{2}\right] ,\left[ \frac{n_{1}}{2}\right] +\left[ \frac{m}{2}\right] -1, \left[ \frac{n_{1}+1}{2}\right] ,\left[ \frac{n_{3}+3}{2}\right] , \left[ \frac{n_{3}}{2}\right] +\left[ \frac{m}{2}\right] ,\right. \\ \left. \left[ \frac{n_{2}+1}{2}\right] +\left[ \frac{n_{3}}{2}\right] , \left[ \frac{n_{2}}{2}\right] ,\left[ \frac{m-1}{2}\right] ,\left[ \frac{n_{1}-1}{2}\right] +\mu ,\left[ \frac{n_{3}+1}{2}\right] +\mu ,1\right\} \end{multline*} where $\mu =\min \left\{ \left[ \frac{m-1}{2}\right] ,\left[ \frac{n_{2}}{2}\right] \right\} $. Two examples in the case $n_{1}=1$, $n_{2}=2$, $n_{3}=1$, $m=6$ and in the case $n_{1}=2$, $n_{2}=3$, $n_{3}=4$ and $m=6$ strengthen these results.