On the \(\mathbb {K}\)-Riemann integral and Hermite-Hadamard inequalities for \(\mathbb {K}\)-convex functions (Q2359690)

The author introduces the notion of the \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann integral as a natural generalization of the classical Riemann integral. Namely, let us denote \([a,b]_A=\{ \alpha a+(1-\alpha)b \, : \, \alpha \in A\cap [0,1] \}\) where \(A\subseteq \mathbb{R}\). Let \(\mathbb{K}\) be a subfield of \(\mathbb{R}\). The set of \(\mathbb{K}\)-partitions of the interval \([a,b]\) is defined as \[ {\mathcal P}_{[a,b]}^{\mathbb{K}} = \{ (t_0, t_1, \ldots , t_n) \in {\mathcal P}_{[a,b]}: t_i \in [a,b]_{\mathbb{K}}, i=1,2,\ldots ,n\}, \] where \({\mathcal P}_{[a,b]}\) is the set of partitions of the interval \([a,b]\). Let us suppose that \(f:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is a bounded function on the set \([a,b]_\mathbb{K}\) with \[ M:= \sup_{x\in [a,b]_{\mathbb{K}}} f(x), \quad m:= \inf_{x\in [a,b]_{\mathbb{K}}} f(x). \] For a given \(\mathbb{K}\)-partition \(\pi =(t_0,t_1, \ldots , t_n)\), let \[ M_i:= \sup_{x\in [t_{i-1}, t_i]_{\mathbb{K}}} f(x), \quad m_i:= \inf_{x\in [t_{i-1}, t_i]_{\mathbb{K}}} f(x), \, i=1,2,\ldots,n. \] We define the upper \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann sum of \(f\) with respect to the partition \(\pi\) by \(\displaystyle U_{\mathbb{K}}(f, \pi):=\sum_{i=1}^n M_i(t_i-t_{i-1}),\) and the lower \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann sum of \(f\) with respect to the partition \(\pi\) by \(\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{K}}(f, \pi):=\sum_{i=1}^n m_i(t_i-t_{i-1}).\) Note that \(m(b-a) \leq L_{\mathbb{K}}(f, \pi) \leq U_{\mathbb{K}}(f, \pi)\leq M(b-a)\). The upper \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann integral of \(f\) on \([a,b]\) is defined as \(\displaystyle \int_a^{--b} f(t) d_\mathbb{K}t := \inf \{U_{\mathbb{K}}(f, \pi) \;: \;\pi \in {\mathcal P}_{[a,b]}^{\mathbb{K}} \}\) and the lower \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann integral of \(f\) on \([a,b]\) is defined as \(\displaystyle \int_{--a}^{b} f(t) d_\mathbb{K}t := \sup \{L_{\mathbb{K}}(f, \pi) \;: \;\pi \in {\mathcal P}_{[a,b]}^{\mathbb{K}} \}\). Finally, a function \(f:[a,b] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) bounded on \([a,b]_{\mathbb{K}}\) is said to be \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann integrable on \([a,b]\) if its upper and lower integrals are equal and in that case, the \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann integral of \(f\) is denoted by \( \displaystyle \int_a^b f(t) d_\mathbb{K} t\). The criterion for \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann integrability and several properties of the \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann integral are also proved. Connections between the radial \(\mathbb{K}\)-derivative and the \(\mathbb{K}\)-Riemann integral are given and the Hermite-Hadamard inequalities for \(\mathbb{K}\)-convex functions are obtained.