Mean ergodic theorems on topological vector spaces (Q2459029)

For an affine transformation from a topological vector space \(E\) into itself, \(A_Tx=Tx-T0\) is called the linear part of \(T\). Definition 1.1.\ (1) \(A: E\to E\) is said to have the BSP (bounded stability property) if, for each \(x\in E\), \(\{A^nx\}\) is bounded whenever a subsequence is bounded. (2) \(A\) is said to be locally mean ergodic if, for each \(x\in E\), \(\{n^{-1}\sum_{k=1}^nA^kx\}\) converges in \(E\) whenever \(\{A_nx\}\) contains a bounded subsequence. (3) \(A\) is mean bounded on \(E\) if \(\{n^{-1}\sum_{k=1}^nA^k\}\) is equicontinuous on \(E\). Theorem 2.1.\ Let \(E\) be a Hausdorff topological vector space and \(T\) be an affine operator. (1) If, for some subsequence \(\{n_k\}\), \(n_k^{-1}\sum_{j=1}^{n_k}T^jx\to 0\), then \(x\) belongs to the weak closure of \((I-T)E\). (2) If for some subsequence \(\{n_k\}\), \(n_k^{-1}\sum_{j=1}^{n_k}T^jx\to\bar x\), then \(T\bar x=\bar x\) and \(x-\bar x\) belongs to the weak closure of \((I-A_T)E\). (3) If \(x=(I-A_T)y\) with \(n^{-1}A_T^ny\to 0\) weakly, then \(n^{-1}\sum_{j=1}^nA_T^jx\to 0\) weakly. (4) Suppose that, for some subsequence \(\{n_k\}\) and for some \(\bar x\in E\), (i) \(n_k^{-1}T^{n_k}x\to 0\) weakly, (ii) \(n_k^{-1}\sum_{j=1}^{n-k}T^jx\to\bar x\) weakly. If \(x-\bar x=(I-A_T)y\) for some \(y\in E\) with \(n^{-1}A_T^ny\to 0\), then \(T\bar x=\bar x\) and \(n^{-1}\sum_{j=1}^nT^jx\to\bar x\). Theorem 2.4.\ Let \(E\) be a semi-reflexive locally convex Hausdorff topological vector space and let \(T\) be a continuous affine operator such that \(A_T\) is locally mean ergodic and has the BSP. If the sequence \(\{\sum_{k=1}^nA_T^nT 0\}\) is bounded, then \(T\) is locally mean ergodic and has the BSP. Theorem 2.5.\ Let \(E\) be a Hausdorff topological vector space and \(T\) be continuous affine such that \(A_T\) is locally mean ergodic and has BSP. If either (1) there exists a fixed point of \(T\), or (2) \(I-A_T\) has a closed range, then \(T\) is locally mean ergodic and has BSP. Theorem 2.6.\ Let \(E\) be a Hausdorff topological vector space and \(A\) be continuous linear such that (1) for each \(x\in E\), \(n^{-1}A^nx\to 0\), (2) \(A\) is mean bounded. Then the closure of the range of \(I-A\) is contained in \(\{x\in E:\lim_{n\to\infty}n^{-1}\sum_{m=1}^n A^mx=0\}\). In particular, its intersection with the null space of \(I-A\) equals \(\{0\}\). Theorem 2.7.\ Let \(E\) be a Hausdorff topological vector space and \(A\) be continuous linear such that (1) for each \(x\in E\), \(n^{-1}A^nx\to 0\), (2) \(A\) is mean bounded, (3) the closure of the range of \(I-A\) is also weakly closed. Let \(x\in E\) be such that a subsequence \(\{n_i^{-1}\sum_{n=1}^{n_i}A^nx\}\) is weakly convergent to some \(\bar x\in E\). Then \(A\bar x=\bar x\) and \(n^{-1}\sum_{k=1}^nA^kx\to\bar x\). Theorem 2.8. Let \(E\) be a Hausdorff topological vector space with sufficiently many continuous functionals and \(T\) be continuous affine. Suppose that (1) for each \(x\in E\), \(\{A_T^nx\}\) is bounded, (2) \(A_T\) is mean bounded, (3) the closure of the range of \(I-A_T\) is also weakly closed. Let \(x\in E\) be such that a subsequence \(\{n_i^{-1}\sum_{n=1}^{n_i}T^nx\}\) is weakly convergent to some \(\bar x\in E\). Then \(A\bar x=\bar x\) and \(n^{-1}\sum_{k=1}^nT^kx\to\bar x\).