On the torsion of the Mordell-Weil group of the Jacobian of Drinfeld modular curves (Q2572482)

This paper carries out a study of the Eisenstein ideal [\textit{B.\ Mazur}, Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 47, 33--186 (1977; Zbl 0394.14008)] for Drinfeld modular curves which is then applied to determine a number of arithmetic invariants of Drinfeld modular curves. This complements and continues the work in \textit{A.\ Tamagawa} [Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 31, No. 2, 203--246 (1995; Zbl 1045.11510)] where results are based on an initially different definition of the Eisenstein ideal. Let \(\mathfrak p\) be a prime ideal of \(F = \mathbb F_q(T)\) of degree \(d\) where \(\mathbb F_q\) has characteristic \(p\). Let \(Y_0(\mathfrak p)\) denote the Drinfeld modular curve parametrizing Drinfeld modules of rank~\(2\) over \(\mathbb F_q[T]\) with a cyclic \(\mathfrak p\)-isogeny, and \(Y_1(\mathfrak p)\) denote the Drinfeld modular curve parametrizing Drinfeld modules of rank~\(2\) over \(\mathbb F_q[T]\) with a point of order \(\mathfrak p\). Let \(J_0(\mathfrak p)\) and \(J_1(\mathfrak p)\) denote the Jacobians of the unique smooth irreducible projective curves \(X_0(\mathfrak p)\) and \(X_1(\mathfrak p)\) containing \(Y_0(\mathfrak p)\) and \(Y_1(\mathfrak p)\), respectively. Let \(N(\mathfrak p) = (q^d-1)/(q-1)\) if \(d\) is odd and \(N(\mathfrak p) = (q^d-1)(q^2-1)\) if \(d\) is even. Let \(T(\mathfrak p)\) denote the torsion subgroup of \(J_0(\mathfrak p)(F)\) and \(C(\mathfrak p)\) denote the subgroup of \(J_0(\mathfrak p)(F)\) generated by the divisor which is the difference of the two cusps of \(X_0(\mathfrak p)\), called the cuspidal subgroup of \(J_0(\mathfrak p)\). Let \(M(\mathfrak p)\) denote the maximal \(\mu\)-type étale subgroup scheme of \(J_0(\mathfrak p)\), and \(S(\mathfrak p)\) denote the Shimura subgroup scheme of \(J_0(\mathfrak p)\) defined as the kernel of the homomorphism \(J_0(\mathfrak p) \rightarrow J_2(\mathfrak p)\), where \(J_2(\mathfrak p)\) is the Jacobian of the unique intermediate cover \(Y_2(\mathfrak p) \rightarrow Y_0(\mathfrak p)\) of \(Y_1(\mathfrak p) \rightarrow Y_0(\mathfrak p)\) with Galois group cyclic of order \(N(\mathfrak p)\). The author shows that \(T(\mathfrak p) \cong C(\mathfrak p)\) has order \(N(\mathfrak p)\) and \(M(\mathfrak p) \cong S(\mathfrak p)\) has rank \(N(\mathfrak p)\). The paper starts by developing a self-contained account of automorphic forms on \(\text{GL}_2(\mathbb{A})\) with values in a ring \(R\), where \(\mathbb A\) are the adeles on a geometrically connected smooth projective curve \(X\) over \(\mathbb F_q\) and \(R\) is the quotient of a discrete valuation ring containing \(p\)-th roots of unity with \(p\) is invertible in \(R\). In particular, it is first shown that the \(R\)-module of cuspidal eigenforms \(\phi\) on \(X\) with given eigenvalue \(c_{\mathfrak q} \in R\) for every Hecke operator \(T_{\mathfrak q}\) is isomorphic to an ideal \(\mathfrak a\) of \(R\). The isomorphism obtained via a Fourier coefficient. Restricting to harmonic cuspidal eigenforms, the same results are proved with relaxed conditions with respect to the Hecke operators \(T_{\mathfrak p}, T_\infty\). This together with a calculation of the Fourier coefficients of Eisenstein series allows the author to show that the \(R\)-module of harmonic cuspidal automorphic forms \(\phi\) such that \(T_{\mathfrak q} \phi = (1+q^{\deg(\mathfrak q)}) \phi\) for \(\mathfrak q \not= \mathfrak p, \infty\) is isomorphic to \(R[N(\mathfrak p)]\) if \(d\) is odd and \(R[2N(\mathfrak p)]\) if \(d\) is even. Let \(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p)\) be the quotient of \(\Gamma_0(\mathfrak p)/[ \Gamma_0(\mathfrak p), \Gamma_0(\mathfrak p)]\) modulo its torsion subgroup. There is an injective homomorphism \(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p) \rightarrow \text{Hom}(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p), \mathbb C_\infty^*)\) which is obtained by associating a theta function to an element of \(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p)\) and taking its automorphy factor. In \textit{E.-U.\ Gekeler and M.\ Reversat} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 476, 27--93 (1996; Zbl 0848.11029)], it is shown that there is an Abel-Jacobi homomorphism \(\Phi : J_0(\mathfrak p)(\mathbb C_\infty) \rightarrow \text{Hom}(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p), \mathbb C_\infty^*)/\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p)\) which is equivariant for \(\text{Gal}(\mathbb C_\infty / F_\infty)\) and \(T_{\mathfrak q}\) where \(\mathfrak q \not= \mathfrak p, \infty\). This is obtained by taking the automorphy factor of a theta function to associated to a degree \(0\) divisor on \(Y_0(\mathfrak p)(\mathbb C_\infty)\). In addition, there is homomorphism \(j\) from \(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p)\) to the \(\mathbb Z\)-module of harmonic cuspidal automorphic forms with values in \(\mathbb Z\) for \(\Gamma_0(\mathfrak p)\) which is obtained by taking the van der Put logarithmic derivative of a theta function associated to an element in \(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p)\). Let \(\mathbb T(\mathfrak p)\) denote the ring of endomorphisms of \(\text{Hom}(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p), \mathbb C_\infty^*)/\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p)\) generated by the Hecke operators \(T_{\mathfrak q}\) where \(\mathfrak q \not= \mathfrak p, \infty\). The author defines the Eisenstein ideal \(\mathfrak E(\mathfrak p)\) of \(\mathbb T(\mathfrak p)\) to be the ideal generated by the endomorphisms \(T_{\mathfrak q} -( 1 + q^{\deg \mathfrak q})\) for \(\mathfrak q \not= \mathfrak p, \infty\) and shows there is a canonical surjection \(\mathbb Z_\ell/2 N(\mathfrak p) \mathbb Z_\ell \rightarrow \mathbb T_\ell(\mathfrak p)/\mathfrak E_\ell(\mathfrak p)\). This is done by noting if the kernel of the natural homomorphism \(\mathbb Z_\ell \rightarrow \mathbb T_\ell(\mathfrak p)/\mathfrak E_\ell(\mathfrak p)\) is injective, then this would imply the existence of a harmonic cuspidal automorphic form with values in \(\overline{\mathbb Q}_\ell\) which is annihilated by the Eisenstein ideal. By using the \(\mathbb Z_\ell\)-duality between \(\ell\)-adic Tate module of \(\text{Hom}(\overline{\Gamma}_0(\mathfrak p), \mathbb C_\infty^*)\) and harmonic cuspidal automorphic forms with values in \(\mathbb Z_\ell\), it is then shown this map must factor through \(\mathbb Z_\ell/2 N(\mathfrak p) \mathbb Z_\ell\). It is shown using the Eichler-Shimura relation that \(T(\mathfrak p)\) is annhilated by the Eisenstein ideal \(\mathfrak E(\mathfrak p)\) and hence has order dividing \(2 N(\mathfrak p)\). Assuming \(\ell\) does not divide \(t(\mathfrak p) = (q-1,N(\mathfrak p))\), the paper proves that under the specialization map over \(\infty\), the \(\ell\)-primary subgroup of \(T(\mathfrak p)\) injects into the group of connected components of the Néron model of \(J_0(\mathfrak p)\). It is then shown using the map \(j\) that the image of this injection can be considered as a subgroup of the harmonic cuspidal automorphic forms with values in \(\mathbb Z_\ell/N(\mathfrak p) \mathbb Z_\ell\) which are annihilated by the Eisenstein ideal. This allows one to finally deduce for \(\ell\) not dividing \(t(\mathfrak p)\), the \(\ell\)-primary subgroups of \(T(\mathfrak p)\) and \(C(\mathfrak p)\) are isomorphic by using the fact that the order of \(C(\mathfrak p) \subseteq T(\mathfrak p)\) is \(N(\mathfrak p)\) [\textit{E.-U.\ Gekeler}, Compos. Math. 57, 219--236 (1986; Zbl 0599.14032)]. By looking at the ramification of the cover \(X_1(\mathfrak p) \rightarrow X_0(\mathfrak p)\), it is shown that \(S(\mathfrak p)\) is étale and \(\mu\)-type of rank \(N(\mathfrak p)\). Let \(\mathfrak B_\ell\) denote the unique prime containing \(\mathfrak E_\ell\). It is shown that the completion of \(\mathbb T_\ell\) at \(\mathfrak B_\ell\) is Gorenstein. Using this, the author shows that the group schemes \(M(\mathfrak p)_\ell\) and \(S(\mathfrak p)_\ell\) are isomorphic for \(\ell\) not dividing \(t(\mathfrak p)\). By studying the reduction of Drinfeld modular curves using the techniques in [\textit{N.\ Katz and B.\ Mazur}, Arithmetic moduli of elliptic curves. Annals of Mathematics Studies, 108. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (1985; Zbl 0576.14026)] and an analog of the dihedral subgroup of \(J_0(\mathfrak p)\) used in \textit{B.\ Mazur} [loc. cit.], the case of \(\ell\) divides \(t(\mathfrak p)\) is treated using further arguments.