Framed surfaces in the Euclidean space (Q2422781)

In the beginning of the present paper, the authors give basic definitions and notations which are useful to proof the results. All mappings and manifolds considered in the paper are differential of class \(C^{\infty}\). A framed surface is a smooth surface in the Euclidean space with a moving frame. The framed surfaces may have singularities. In this paper, the authors give consideration of smooth surfaces with singular points. The idea is a generalization of not only the Legendre curves but also framed curves in the Euclidean space. It is also related the Cartan's moving frame. By using the moving frame, the authors introduce the basic invariants and curvatures of the framed surface. The authors give properties of the framed surfaces and these are proved rigorously in terms of lemmas and propositions. For the basic invariants of the framed surfaces, the authors show that (i) the existence result as: Let \(U\) be a simply connected domain in \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) and let \(a_{i}\), \(b_{i}\), \(e_{i}\), \(f_{i}\), \(g_{i}: U \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), \(i = 1, 2\) be smooth functions with the integrability conditions \(a_{1,v}-b_{1}g_{2}=a_{2,u}-b_{2}g_{1}\), \(b_{1,v}-a_{2}g_{1}=b_{2,u}-a_{1}g_{2}\), \(a_{1}e_{2}+b_{1}f_{2}=a_{2}e_{1}+b_{2}f_{1}\); and \(e_{1,v}-f_{1}g_{2}=e_{2,u}-f_{2}g_{1}\), \(f_{1,v}-e_{2}g_{1}=f_{2,u}-e_{1}g_{2}\), \(g_{1,v}-e_{1}f_{2}=g_{2,u}-e_{2}f_{1}\). Then there exists a framed surface \((x, n, s) : U \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3}\times \Delta\) whose associated basic invariants is \(({\mathscr G}, {\mathscr F}_{1}, {\mathscr F}_{2})\); and (ii) the uniqueness result as: Let \((x, n, s)\), \((\tilde{x}, \tilde{n}, \tilde{s}) : U \to \mathbb{R}^{3}\times \Delta\) be framed surfaces with basic invariants \(({\mathscr G}, {\mathscr F}_{1}, {\mathscr F}_{2})\), \((\tilde{\mathscr G}, \tilde{\mathscr F}_{1}, \tilde{\mathscr F}_{2})\), respectively. Then \((x, n, s)\) and \((\tilde{x}, \tilde{n}, \tilde{s})\) are congruent as framed surfaces if and only if the basic invariants \(({\mathscr G}, {\mathscr F}_{1}, {\mathscr F}_{2})\) and \((\tilde{\mathscr G}, \tilde{\mathscr F}_{1}, \tilde{\mathscr F}_{2})\) coincide. Further, the authors give a curvature and a concomitant mapping of the framed surfaces and provide many results using these mappings to recognize a Legendre immersion or a framed immersion. They prove the following result: Let \((x, n, s) : U \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3}\times \Delta\) be a framed surface and \(p\in U\). (1) \(x\) is an immersion (a regular surface) around \(p\) if and only if \(J_{F}(p)\neq 0\). (2) \((x, n)\) is a Legendre immersion around \(p\) if and only if \(C_{F}(p)\neq 0\). (3) \((x, n, s)\) is a framed immersion around \(p\) if and only if \(I_{F}(p)\neq 0\). Furthermore, the authors construct framed surfaces as one-parameter families of Legendre curves along framed curves. They also give criteria of singular points of the framed base surface which is given by a one-parameter family of Legendre curves along a framed curve. Apart from these results, they proves the following result: Suppose that \(x : U \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3}\) is diffeomorphic to the cuspidal edge at \(0\in U\). Then there exist a parameter change \(\phi : I\times J\rightarrow U\) around \(0\) and a smooth mapping \((n, s) : I\times J\rightarrow \Delta\) such that the framed surface \((x\circ \phi, n, s) : I\times J\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3}\times \Delta\) is given by a one-parameter family of 3/2-cusp at \(0\in J\) along a regular curve \(\gamma : I \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3}\) around \(0\in I\). The authors also provide four examples of singularities of smooth surfaces and they find out the basic invariants and curvatures of framed surfaces. These examples are based on if a singular point is cuspidal edge, swallowtail, cuspidal cross cap or cross cap. In the last of the paper, the authors briefly review on the theory of framed curves in the Euclidean space as well as theory of Legendre curves in the unit tangent bundle over \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\).