Algebraic points on Shimura curves of \(\Gamma_0(p)\)-type (Q2450195)

Let \(X_0(p)\) denote the modular curve which classifies \((E,C)\) where \(E\) is a generalized elliptic curve over \(S\) and \(C\) is a cyclic subgroup over \(S\) of \(E[p]\) of order \(p\). \textit{B. Mazur}'s theorem [Invent. Math. 44, 129--162 (1978; Zbl 0386.14009)] states that for \(p>163\), \(X_0(p)(\mathbb Q)=\left\{\mathrm{cusps}\right\}\). By classifying associated mod \(p\) characters of \(E[p]\), it is possible to prove for \(k\) a quadratic field which is not an imaginary quadratic field of class number one, there is a finite set \(S(k)\) of prime numbers depending on \(k\) such that \(X_0(p)(k)=\left\{\mathrm{cusps}\right\}\) for \(p\notin S(k)\) [\textit{F. Momose}, Compos. Math. 97, No. 3, 329--348 (1995; Zbl 1044.11582)]. This paper studies the generalization of the latter result to abelian surfaces with quaternionic multiplication. Let \(B\) be an indefinite quaternion algebra over \(\mathbb Q\) and denote by \(M_0^B(p)\) the Shimura curve which classifies \((A,i,V)\) where \(A\) is an abelian surface over \(S\), \(i:\mathcal O\hookrightarrow\mathrm{End}_S(A)\) is an injective ring homomorphism, \(V\) is a left \(\mathcal O\)-submodule of \(A[p]\) with \(\mathbb F_p\)-dimension \(2\), and \(\mathcal O\) is a maximal order of \(B\). The main result of this paper is as follows. Let \(k\) be a quadratic field which is not an imaginary quadratic field of class number one. Then there is a finite set \(S(k,B)\) of prime numbers depending on \(k\) and \(B\) such that \(M_0^B(p)(k)=\emptyset\) for \(p\notin S(k,B)\) if \(B\otimes_{\mathbb Q} k \cong M_2(k)\), and \(M_0^B(p)(k)\subseteq\left\{\mathrm{elliptic points of order 2 and 3}\right\}\) for \(p\notin S(k,B)\) if \(B \otimes_{\mathbb Q}k\not\cong M_2(k)\). Consequences to the irreducibility of galois representations attached to, and finiteness statements for, abelian surfaces with quaternionic multiplication are also discussed in the paper.