Banach spaces with projectional skeletons (Q2518767)

A partially ordered set \(\Gamma\) is directed if, for every \(\gamma_0,\gamma_1\in \Gamma\), there is \(\delta\in \Gamma\) such that \(\gamma_0\leq\delta\) and \(\gamma_1\leq\delta\). Let \(X\) be a Banach space. A \textit{projectional skeleton} in \(X\) is a family \(\{P_{\gamma}\}_{\gamma\in\Gamma}\) of bounded projections of \(X\) indexed by a directed partially ordered set \(\Gamma\), satisfying the following conditions: (1) \(X=\bigcup_{\gamma\in\Gamma}P_{\gamma}X\) and each \(P{\gamma}X\) is separable; (2) \(\gamma\leq\delta\Rightarrow P_{\gamma}=P_{\gamma}\circ P_{\delta}=P_{\delta}\circ P_{\gamma}\); (3) if \(\gamma_0\leq\gamma_1\leq\dots\), then \(\delta=\sup_n\gamma_n\) exists in \(\Gamma\) and \(P_{\delta}X=\mathrm{cl}(\bigcup_nP_{\gamma_n}X)\). For \(\mathcal{C}(K)\) spaces, this notion is dual to the retractional skeletons in compact spaces, introduced by \textit{W.\,Kubiś} and \textit{H.\,Michalewski} [Topology Appl.\ 153, No.\,14, 2560--2573 (2006; Zbl 1138.54024)]. In the paper under review, a systematic investigation of the projectional skeletons is presented. In particular, every space with a projectional skeleton has a projectional resolution of the identity. The class of Banach spaces with projectional skeletons is strictly larger than the class of spaces with countably norming Markushevich bases (\(M\)-bases), and a Banach space has a commutative projectional skeleton if and only if it has a countably norming \(M\)-basis. An essential method of proof is using elementary substructures in logic. The paper contains open problems. Reviewers remark. The answer to Question 3 (Does every closed subspace of a Banach space with a projectional skeleton have the separable complementation property (SCP)?) is negative. \textit{T.\,Figiel}, \textit{W.\,Johnson} and \textit{A.\,Pełczyński} [``Some approximation properties of Banach spaces and Banach lattices'', Isr.\ J.\ Math.\ (to appear)] have constructed a Banach space \(\mathcal{C}(K)\) whose dual contains a subspace without the SCP. The dual \(\mathcal{C}(K)^*\) has a countably norming \(M\)-basis [\textit{O.\,Kalenda}, J.~Math.\ Anal.\ Appl.\ 340, 81--101 (2008; Zbl 1138.46013)], hence a projectional skeleton.