The rank of a formal tree power series (Q792763)

A formal power series on trees is a mapping from a free algebra \(T_{\Sigma}\) into a field K; recall that \(\Sigma\) is a set of symbols of functions \(\Sigma =\Sigma_ 0\cup...\cup \Sigma_ n\cup...\) and that \(T_{\Sigma}\) (the set of trees) is defined inductively by: \(\Sigma_ 0\subset T_{\Sigma};\) if \(f\in \Sigma_ n\) and \(t_ 1,...,t_ n\in T_{\Sigma},\) then \(f(t_ 1,...,t_ n)\in T_{\Sigma}.\) A representation of \(T_{\Sigma}\) is a family of mappings \(\mu_ n:\Sigma_ n\to {\mathcal L}(V^ n,V),\) the space of all n-linear mappings \(V^ n\to V,\) where V is a finite-dimensional vector space over K. The mapping \(\mu_ 0:\Sigma_ 0\to V (\simeq {\mathcal L}(V^ 0,V))\) extends uniquely to a mapping \(T_{\Sigma}\to V\) through the formula \(\mu(f(t_ 1,...,t_ n))=\mu_ n(f)(\mu t_ 1,...,\mu t_ n).\) If \(\lambda:V\to K\) is linear, then the formal power series \(t\mapsto \lambda {\mathbb{O}}\mu(f)\) is called recognizable. The authors give a Hankel-like characterization of recognizable series. Let \(\kappa\) be a new variable and define \(\Sigma '\!_ 0=\Sigma_ 0\cup \kappa,\) T'\({}_{\Sigma}\) the resulting free algebra and \(P_{\Sigma}\) the subset of \(T'_{\Sigma}\) consisting of trees with exactly one occurrence of \(\kappa\). \(P_{\Sigma}\) acts naturally on \(T_{\Sigma}\) by substitution: \(T_{\Sigma}\times P_{\Sigma}\to T_{\Sigma}, (t,\tau)\mapsto t\tau.\) If S is a formal power series, \(S=\sum_{t\in T_{\Sigma}}(S,t)t,\) and if \(t\in T_{\Sigma}, \tau \in P_{\Sigma},\) define \(t^{-1}S=\sum_{\tau \in P_{\Sigma}}(S,t\tau)\tau, S\tau^{- 1}=\sum_{t\in T_{\Sigma}}(S,t\tau)t.\) Then S is recognizable iff the set of \(t^{-1}S (t\in T_{\Sigma})\) has finite rank in \(K^{P_{\Sigma}},\) iff these to \(S\tau^{-1}(\tau \in P_{\Sigma})\) has finite rank in \(K^{T_{\Sigma}}\). In this case, these ranks are equal.