Estimates for differential operators in half-space. Translated from the German by Darya Apushkinskaya (Q1717447)

Originally, this book was published as [Abschätzungen für Differentialoperatoren im Halbraum. Übers. aus dem Russischen von Werner Plischke und Ehrhard Herbst. In dt. Spr. hrsg. von G. Wildenhain. Lizenzausg. Basel-Boston-Stuttgart: Birkhäuser Verlag (1982; Zbl 0481.47030)]. Here, an English translation is proposed. The monograph presents a detailed study of many inequalities for differential operators with constant coefficients in \(\mathbb{R}^n_+= \{(x,t),\ t\ge 0\}\). The results are due to the authors. The present edition proposes different possibilities for generalizations to (pseudo)differential operators with variable coefficients in other domains. The monograph is divided into 4 chapters. Chapter 1, entitled ``Estimates for matrix operators'', provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of the following vector estimate: \[\Vert R(D)u\Vert^2_{B^{1/2}}\le C(\Vert P(D) u\Vert^2+ \langle\langle Q(D) u\rangle\rangle^2).\tag{1}\] In (1), \(u= (u_1,\dots, u_m)\in C^\infty_0(\mathbb{R}^n_+)\), the symbols \(R(\xi,\tau)= \{R_j(\xi,\tau)\}\), \(P(\xi,\tau)= \{P_{kj}(\xi,\tau)\}\), \(Q(\xi,\tau)= \{Q_{\alpha j}(\xi,\tau)\}\) are \(1\times m\), \(m\times m\) and \(N\times m\) matrices, respectively. Their elements are polynomials of \(\tau\in \mathbb{R}^1\) having complex measurable locally bounded coefficients in \(\mathbb{R}^{n-1}\) which grow no faster then some power of \(|\xi|\) for \(|\xi|\to\infty\), \(\xi\in \mathbb{R}^{n-1}\). Denote by \(\widehat{u}(\xi,t)\) the partial Fourier transform of \(u\) with respect to \(x\). Then \[\Vert u\Vert^2_{B^{1/2}}= \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n-1}}\, \int^\infty_0 B(\xi)|\widehat{u}(\xi,t)|^2\,dt\,d\xi,\] \[\langle\langle u\rangle\rangle^2= \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n-1}} |\widehat{u}(\xi, 0)|^2\,d\xi,\ \langle\langle u\rangle\rangle^2_{B^{1/2}}= \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n-1}} B(\xi)|\widehat{u}(\xi,0)|^2\,d\xi.\] The measurable function \(B(\xi)> 0\) a.e. Section 1.4 contains several examples of operators arising in analysis and mechanics for which the estimates proved in Chapter~1 hold. It concerns some generalized-homogeneous elliptic systems, the Lamé system of static elasticity theory, the Cauchy-Riemann system, the stationary linearized Navier-Stokes system, hyperbolic systems, and others. Chapter 2 is entitled ``Boundary estimates for differential operators''. Here, necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of the estimate \[\langle\langle R(D)u\rangle\rangle^2_{B^{1/2}}\le C\left(\sum^m_{j=1}\Vert P_j(D) u\Vert^2+ \sum^N_{\alpha= 1}\langle\langle Q_\alpha(D) u\rangle\rangle^2\right),\ u\in C^\infty_0(\mathbb{R}^n_+),\tag{2}\] are proved and an exact description of the set of traces \(R(D)u|_{t=0}\) for \(u\) belonging to the completion of \(C^\infty_0(\mathbb{R}^n_+)\) in the metric \(\sum^m_{j=1}\Vert P_j(D)u\Vert^2\) is given. \(R(\xi,\tau)\), \(P_j(\xi,\tau)\), \(Q_\alpha(\xi,\tau)\) are scalar polynomials of \(\tau\) with complex measurable locally bounded in \(\mathbb{R}^{n-1}\) coefficients with growth no faster than some power of \(|\xi|\) for \(|\xi|\to\infty\); \(\xi\in \mathbb{R}^{n-1}\). A criterion for the validity of (2) is established in Section 2.2. Consider the case when \(m\ge 1\), \(Q_\alpha\equiv 0\). According to Corollary 2.2.8, (2) holds if and only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) \(R(\xi,\tau)\equiv 0\pmod{\Pi_+(\xi,\tau)})\), where \(\Pi_+\) is some polynomial in \(\tau\) depending on \(P_j(\xi,\tau)\), \(1\le j\le m\), (2) \(\sup_\xi\, B(\xi)\Lambda(\xi)<\infty\), where \(\Lambda(\xi)= \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{\mathbb{R}^1} \frac{\sum^m_1 (T_j(\xi,\tau)|^2}{\sum^m_1 |P_j(\xi,\tau)|^2}\,d\tau\), \(T_j(\xi,\tau)\) are polynomials in \(\tau\), explicitly defined in Lemma 2.2.1. The above-mentioned ``trace space'' \(R(D)u|_{t=0}\) coincides with closure of the linear spaces of functions \(\varphi\in C^\infty_0(\mathbb{R}^{n-1})\) that satisfy the inequality: \[\langle\langle\varphi\rangle\rangle^2_{\Lambda^{-1/2}}= \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n-1}}\frac{|\varphi^1(\xi)|^2}{\Lambda(\xi)}\, d\xi< \infty\text{ w.r.t. the norm }\langle\langle\cdot\rangle\rangle_{\Lambda^{-1/2}}.\] Chapter 3 is entitled ``Dominance of differential operators''. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of \[\Vert R(D)u\Vert^2_{B^{1/2}}\le C\left(\sum^m_{j=1}\Vert P_j(D) u\Vert^2+ \sum^N_{\alpha=1} \langle\langle Q_\alpha(D) u\rangle\rangle^2\right),\ u\in C^\infty_0(\mathbb{R}^n_+),\tag{3}\] are found, \(R\), \(P_j\), \(Q_\alpha\) are the same as in (2). As a simple corollary of their results, the authors obtain an interesting theorem of Aronszajn. Let \(P_j(\xi,\tau)\), \(1\le j\le m\), be homogeneous polynomials in \((\xi,\tau)\) of order \(J\). Then the system of operators \(P_j(D)\) is coercive iff, for all \(\xi\in\mathbb{R}^{n-1}\), the polynomials \(P_j(\xi,\tau)\) have no common roots \((\xi,z)\ne 0\). Chapter 4 deals with special cases of the estimates (2), (3). The goal of the authors is to specify classes of operators \(P,R\) (\(Q_\alpha\equiv 0\)) for which the corresponding necessary and sufficient conditions for validity of (2), (3) with \((\Vert u\Vert^2+\Vert Pu\Vert^2)\) in the right-hand side take a simpler and more explicit form. For example, if \(\text{ord}_\tau P(\xi,\tau)= J\ge 1\), \(P(\xi,\tau)\) is quasielliptic of type \(l\ge 1\), and \(R(\xi,\tau)= \tau^s\), \(s=0,1,\dots, J-1\) in (2), then (2) holds true if and only if \[B(\xi)(1+\langle\xi\rangle)^{(2s+1)m/J}\le \mathrm{const}.\] Here, \(m\) is an integer and \(\langle\cdot\rangle\) is the norm in \(\mathbb{R}^{n-1}\) defined by the quasielliptic polynomial \(P(\xi,\tau)\).