Robust power system frequency control (Q938606)

This book provides a through understanding of the basic principles of power system frequency behavior in wide range of operating conditions. It uses simple frequency response models, control structures and mathematical algorithms to adapt modern robust control theorems with frequency control issue and conceptual explanations. Most developed control strategies are examined by real time simulations. Practical methods for computer analysis and design are emphasized. The book contains 10 chapters, two appendices and an index. A list of reference is associated to each chapter. Starting with chapter 5, at the end of each chapter, one may found simulation or laboratory results and examples. The outline of the book: Chapter 1 provides an introduction on the general aspects of power system controls. Fundamental concepts and definitions of stability and existing controls are emphasized. The time scales and characteristics of various power system controls are described and the importance of frequency stability and control is explained. Chapter 2 introduces the subject of real power frequency control, providing definitions and basic concepts. The Load Frequency Control (LFC) mechanism of a single control area is first described and then extended to a multi-area control system. Frequency operating standards and their application to a multi-area frequency control system are presented. The status of the art in the frequency control literature is briefly reviewed. Chapter 3 describes LFC characteristics and dynamic performances. Static and dynamic performances are explained and the effect of physical constrains on power system frequency control performance are emphasized. The impacts of power system restructuring on frequency regulation are discussed and a dynamical model to adapt a well tasted classical LFC model to the changing environment of power system operation is simulated. Chapter 4 describes a systematic \(H_{\infty}\) control technique using a fundamental control theorem and an iterative linear matrix inequalities algorithm for proportional integral PI-based LFC design. In the proposed synthesis approach, the frequency control synthesis is reduced to static output feedback control problem. Chapter 5 provides an \(H_{\infty}\) control method to the design of robust PI-based LFC system in the presence of communication delays. A laboratory environment for doing real time simulation to evaluate the developed power system frequency control framework is described. A simplified model of a real power system is used to perform a comparison study on the proposed control strategy. Chapter 6 is organized into two main parts. First, the \(H_2/ H_{\infty}\) control technique is used to synthesize simple robust PI controllers in a multi-area power system. Then, the LFC problem considering multiple delays, is formulated as a multi-objective control problem. The advantages of the proposed method are examined by an experimental study and real time nonlinear simulations. Chapter 7 present an agent-based control strategy for the designing of the decentralized LFC system. A two-agent control system measures the required signal and estimates the total power imbalance, generator participation factors and produces control action signal through an \(H_{\infty}\) based PI-controller. The results are examined using an analog power simulator. Chapter 8 presents the application of structured singular value theory for robust decentralized LFC design. System uncertainties and practical constraints are properly considered during a synthesis procedure. The robust performance is formulated in terms of the structured singular value for the measuring of control performance within a systematic approach. Chapter 9 describes the power system frequency behavior in emergency conditions. The conventional frequency response model is generalized by considering the dynamics of emergency control/ protection schemes such as under frequency load shedding and under frequency /over-frequency generation trips. Chapter 10 presents an overview of the key issues and the new challenges on frequency regulation, concerning the integration of renewable energy units into the power systems. The impact of power fluctuation produces by variable wind and solar renewable sources on system frequency performance via a simulation study is analyzed. An updated LFC model is introduced and the need for the revising of frequency performance standards is emphasized. Finally, a brief survey on the recent studies on the frequency regulation in the presence of renewable energy resources and associated issues is presented. Appendices include mathematical descriptions and simulation data. The presence of the numerous examples given in the monograph is a convincing message how complexities in physical processes could hinder robust control analysis and synthesis. This book could be useful for engineers and operators in power system planning and operation, as well as for academic researchers. It could be useful as a supplementary text for university students in electrical engineering at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels in standard courses of power system dynamics, power system analysis and power system stability and control. We are convinced that in the future the book will be cited in many lists of references in the control literature.