Semigroups in complete lattices. Quantales, modules and related topics (Q1744615)

This monograph is a detailed and extensive investigation of the theory of quantales in different areas of mathematics. The unifying element is the adequate and skillful use of category theory. In mathematics, quantales are certain partially ordered algebraic structures that generalize locales (point free topologies) as well as various multiplicative lattices of ideals from ring theory and functional analysis (C*-algebras, von Neumann algebras). A quantale is a complete lattice \(Q\) with an associative binary operation \(*\) such that \(a*-\) and \(-*a\) both preserve arbitrary supremums for any \(a\in Q\). The term \textit{quantale} was introduced by \textit{C. J. Mulvey} [Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) Suppl. No. 12, 99--104 (1986; Zbl 0633.46065)] as a combination of ``quantum logic'' and ``locale''. Quantales are sometimes referred to as complete residuated semigroups. It seems that there are two approaches to the theory of quantales. The first approach is residuation. W. Krull was first who formulated the axioms of ideal lattices as those axioms of a two-sided quantale. He also formulated the axioms of prime elements of two-sided quantales and noticed the existence of left residuals and right residuals. The first simple properties of residuals had already been collected in a paper (see the ref. [69]), although some formulas derived by R. Dedekind for modules in the commutative setting. The book by \textit{K. I. Rosenthal} [Quantales and their applications. Harlow: Longman Scientific \& Technical; New York: John Wiley \& Sons, Inc. (1990; Zbl 0703.06007)] concern with this approach and tends to concentrate on the algebraic rather than the topological aspects of quantale theory. The existence of the tensor product together with the important fact that the category \textbf{Sup} of complete lattices and join-preserving maps is symmetric and monoidal closed opens a completely different view on the theory of quantales than the previous perspective from the point of view of residuation. First note that the category \textbf{Sup} is star-autonomous and also it is the Eilenberg-Moore category of the monad of down sets on the category of preordered sets. Second, quantales are indeed semigroups in \textbf{Sup}, and the formation of right- (left-)residuals determines a right (left) action on the dual lattice of the underlying quantale. Hence, the most natural applications of quantales arise in the theory of modules on unital quantale. This second approach to the theory of quantales was initiated by \textit{A. Joyal} and \textit{M. Tierney} [An extension of the Galois theory of Grothendieck. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1984; Zbl 0541.18002)]. Here, they observed the interesting fact that frames are special commutative monoids in \textbf{Sup}. The existence of free quantales is an immediate corollary of the general theorem that in every cocomplete, symmetric, and monoidal closed category free semigroups exist. Based on this observation, the cocompleteness of the category of semigroups in \textbf{Sup} is inherited by \textbf{Sup}. From this point of view the authors take categorical aspects of preordered sets as a natural starting point for a more fundamental understanding of quantales and their related topics. One can essentially divide the book under review into four parts: (i) Categorical aspects of preordered sets; completeness and cocompleteness, cartesian closedness, free preordered groupoids, the term monad (of a single binary operator symbol) and the monad of down sets, (ii) Monoid theory in \textbf{Sup}, (iii) Module theory in \textbf{Sup} and (iv) an Appendix which contains all materials needed to follow the text. In more detail, the organization of the book is as follows: In Chapter 1, entitled ``Foundations'', the authors give definitions, notations, and basic results needed to understand the rest of the book. Also, the necessary categorical tools are introduced. In particular, the preliminaries are kept modest by including a detailed account of monoidal categories, magmas, semigroups, and monoids therein, free constructions, and tensor products. This chapter is divided into three sections: Some Properties of Universal Algebra in Monoidal Categories, Monads and Distributive Laws, The Category of Preordered Sets. Chapter 2 is devoted to study a survey of the most important properties of the theory of (pre)quantales from the perspective of the category \textbf{Sup}. In the first section, a detailed account of the categorical properties of \textbf{Sup} is presented. Also the importance of closure operators for quotient constructions in \textbf{Sup} is explained. The last construction that mentioned here is the construction of tensor product in \textbf{Sup} which turns \textbf{Sup} into a symmetric monoidal closed category. In section 2, prequantals are introduced. A prequantale is a complete lattice \(X\) with a binary operation \(*: X\times X\to X\) which is a bimorphism of \textbf{Sup} i.e., \(*\) is a join-preserving map in each components (it is a quantale if the multiplication \(*\) is associative). It is proved that the category \textbf{Pq} of prequantales is isomorphic to the Eilenberg-Moore category of the composite monad \(\mathbb{D}wn\circ \mathbb{T}\) on \textbf{Preord} where \(\mathbb{D}wn\) and \(\mathbb{T}\) are the monad of down sets and the term monad on the category \textbf{Preord} of preordered sets, respectively. The structure of free prequantales is discussed. Then they study involutive prequantales and show that the categories \textbf{Pq} of prequantales and \textbf{IPq} of involutive prequantales are algebraic. (A involutive prequantale is a prequantale \((X, *)\) together with an isotone map \(\iota_X : X\to X\) such that \(\iota_X \circ\iota_X = id_X\).) This chapter is divided into seven sections. The other subjects disscussed here are: Quantales, Idempotent Quantales and Frames, Balanced and Bisymmetric Quantales, Frobenius Quantales, Complete MV-Algebras. A triple \((X, *, \delta )\) is called a Frobenius quantale if \((X, *)\) is a quantale, \(d\in X\) and \(\delta : 1\to X^{op}\) is the join-preserving map with \(\delta (1) = d\) (for more detail see Def. 2.6.1 on page 166). Also, a Frobenius quantale \((X, *, \delta )\) is called a Girard quantale if the dualizing element \(d\) is cyclic. In section 7, the authors consider the construction of Girard quantales from the perspective of residuated, commutative lattices. To do so, they define a Girard algebra as a residuated preordered groupoid \((X, *, \searrow \ , \ \swarrow )\), which satisfies the additional properties (i) the underlying preordered set is a bounded lattice, (ii) \((X, *)\) is a commutative semigroup and (iii) the universal lower bound is a dualizing element. Here, \(\searrow\) and \(\swarrow\) denote the left and right residuals. Since the left- and right- residuals coincide, we simply write \((X, *, \rightarrow )\) instead of \((X, *, \searrow \ , \ \swarrow )\). An MV-algebra is a Girard algebra in which for all \(x, y\in X\) the relation \((x \rightarrow y) \rightarrow y = x \vee y\) holds (MV-Property). The last result of this section states that every infinite, simple and complete MV-algebra is isomorphic to the real unit interval provided with the Lukasiewicz arithmetic conjunction (see Theorem 2.7.18 on page 195). The third chapter of the monograph is about applications of quantales to module theory. In practice, to compare this approach with the traditional theory of modules over rings, this means that we can replace the category of abelian groups by the category of complete lattices and join-preserving maps. As a non-trivial applications to the theory of operator algebras, they show that irreducible representations of a \(C^*\)-algebra \(A\) and irreducible involutive left modules on the unital quantale of all closed linear subspaces of \(A\) are equivalent concepts. As another application they provide the fact that the category of right modules on a unital quantale plays the same role as \textbf{Sup} has done in the binary setting given by the two-element chain \(\{ 0 , 1\}\). Furthermore, if we restrict our attention to commutative and unital quantales \(Q\) then the category of modules over \(Q\) has a tensor product which is a quotient of the tensor product in \textbf{Sup}. This implies that the category of modules over \(Q\) is star-autonomous and we can repeat all those algebraic constructions in \textbf{Sup} in this new setting. The chapter finishes with a small section on automata in Sup showing that every automaton gives rise to a right module over the free unital quantale generated by its input alphabet. These applications illustrate the significance of quantals for further research across mathematics and computer science with an interest in categoty theory, lattice theory, and many-valued logic. Basically, the authors have taken the indicated material, organized it efficiently, written a very lucid, readable development of it in 316 pages, and added helpful historical remarks and a few exercises to each chapter and a brief appendix on the construction of free functor algebras and the role of coherence axioms in the construction of the tensor product of semigroups in symmetric monoidal categories. In conclusion the book is self-contained, well-organized and well-written and is warmly recommended to read.