The inner equation for generic analytic unfoldings of the Hopf-zero singularity (Q950588)

A classical problem in the study of the (conservative) unfoldings of the so-called Hopf-zero bifurcation, is the computation of the splitting of a heteroclinic connection which exists in the symmetric normal form along the \(z\)-axis. Associated to this singular problem, the inner system which is independent of the unfolding parameter is derived. It can be represented by the family of autonomous differential equations in \(\mathbb C^3\) given by \[ \begin{aligned} \frac{d\phi}{d\tau}&=-\eta\phi-(\alpha+c\eta)\text{i}\phi +\varepsilon F_1(\phi,\varphi,\eta)\\ \frac{d\varphi}{d\tau}&=-\eta\varphi+(\alpha+c\eta)\text{i}\varphi +\varepsilon F_2(\phi,\varphi,\eta)\\ \frac{d\eta}{d\tau}&=\eta^2+b\phi\varphi +\varepsilon H(\phi,\varphi,\eta)\\ \end{aligned} \eqno (1) \] where \((F_1,F_2,H)(\xi,\eta,\zeta)=O(| | (\xi,\eta,\zeta)| | ^3)\) are analytic functions in the open ball \(B_{r_0}=\{(x,y,z)\in\mathbb C^3:| | (x,y,z)| | <r_0\}\) for some \(r_0>0\). The parameter \(\varepsilon\) is not necessarily small. It is straightforward to see that for \(F_1=F_2=H=0\) system (1) has a particular solution \(\Psi(\tau)=(\phi(\tau),\varphi(\tau),\eta(\tau))\) with \(\phi(\tau)=\varphi(\tau)=0\) and \(\eta(\tau)=-\frac{1}{\tau}\) such that \(\lim_{\text{ Re }\tau\to\pm\infty}\Psi(\tau)=0\). The paper establishes the existence of two solutions of system (1) related with the stable and unstable manifolds of the unfolding. More precisely, the paper states the existence and gives useful properties of special solutions of the full system (1) \(\Psi^{\pm,\varepsilon}(\tau)=(\phi^{\pm}(\tau,\varepsilon), \varphi^{\pm}(\tau,\varepsilon),\eta^{\pm}(\tau,\varepsilon))\) which are defined in some regions of the complex plane and satisfy the asymptotic condition \(\lim_{\text{ Re }\tau\to\pm\infty}\Psi^{\pm}(\tau,\varepsilon)=0\). An asymptotic formula for the difference \(\Psi^{-}(\tau,\varepsilon)-\Psi^{+}(\tau,\varepsilon)\) as \(\text{Im }\tau\to -\infty\) is obtained. The results obtained in the paper are checked to agree with the ones obtained by the authors in the regular case [\textit{I. Baldomá, T. M. Seara}, J. Nonlinear Sci., 16, 543--582 (2006; Zbl 1130.37380)].