Double quantum groups (Q5945121)

An entwining structure [\textit{T. Brzeziński} and \textit{S. Majid}, Commun. Math. Phys. 191, No. 2, 467-492 (1998; Zbl 0899.55016)] comprises an algebra \(A\), a coalgebra \(C\) and a linear map \(\psi\colon C\otimes A\to A\otimes C\), which is compatible with the multiplication and unit of \(A\), and the comultiplication and counit of \(C\). Associated to an entwining structure is a category of entwined modules \({\mathbf M}_A^C(\psi)\) [\textit{T. Brzeziński}, J. Algebra 215, No. 1, 290-317 (1999; Zbl 0936.16030)]. Objects in \({\mathbf M}_A^C(\psi)\) are right \(A\)-modules \(M\) which are also right \(C\)-comodules, and the relationship between the \(A\)-action and \(C\)-coaction \(\varrho^M\) is given by the map \(\psi\) via the formula \[ \varrho^M(ma)=\sum m_{(0)}\psi(m_{(1)}\otimes a),\qquad\forall a\in A,\;m\in M, \] where \(\varrho^M(m)=\sum m_{(0)}\otimes m_{(1)}\) is the Sweedler notation for a coaction. The category \({\mathbf M}_A^C(\psi)\) unifies and generalises various categories of Hopf modules, such as relative Hopf modules, Yetter-Drinfeld or crossed modules, and Doi-Koppinen Hopf modules. In the paper under review the authors study entwining structures in the case when both \(A\) and \(C\) are Hopf algebras. They derive necessary and sufficient conditions for \({\mathbf M}_A^C(\psi)\) to be a monoidal category and a braided monoidal category. In the latter case the necessary and sufficient condition is expressed by the existence of a map \(r\colon C\otimes C\to A\otimes A\), which satisfies axioms that can be understood as a generalisation of the axioms for an \(R\)-matrix in a quasitriangular Hopf algebra. The authors also show that if \(C\) is finite dimensional, then the existence of such a map \(r\) implies that the \(\psi\)-twisted convolution algebra \(\Hom(C,A)\) is a quasitriangular Hopf algebra.