On 2-knots and connected sums with projective planes (Q776194)

A surface knot is the image of a smooth embedding of a connected closed surface into the 4-sphere \(S^4\). A surface knot is called a 2-knot if the closed surface is a 2-sphere, and a surface knot is called unknotted if it is equivalent to the standard 2-sphere or the connected sum of a finite number of standard tori and standard positive/negative projective planes. Let \(\tau^n K\) be the \(n\)-twist spun 2-knot of a classical knot \(K\), and let \(P_g(e)\) be an unknotted and non-orientable surface knot with genus \(g\) and Euler number \(e\). The main result is as follows. For a knot \(K\) and a natural number \(n\), if either \(n\) is an odd integer or \(K\) is a 2-bridge knot, then \(\tau^n K \# P_3(\pm 2) \cong \tau^{n+2} K \# P_3(\pm 2)\), where \(\#\) denotes connected sum. This result for a 2-bridge knot \(K\) and any natural number \(n\) is given in [\textit{S. Satoh}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 133, No. 2, 613--616 (2005; Zbl 1061.57025)], and the proof in the paper under review is essentially the same as the one given in the referred paper, but the author points out a minor error, and shows how to fix it. For the proof, the author shows a lemma that a 1-handle \(h\) attached to \(\tau^n K \# P_1(\pm 2)\) is isotopic to a trivial 1-handle if the core of \(h\) is contained in the axis of twisting of \(\tau^n K\), under the required condition for \(n\) or \(K\) of the main result.