Doubly stochastic quadratic operators and Birkhoff's problem (Q1044581)

Let \(S^{m-1}\) be the simplex \(\{x=(x_1,\dots, x_m)\in\mathbb R: x_i\geq 0, \sum_ix_i=1\}\). An operator \(V: S^{m-1}\to S^{m-1}\) given by \((Vx)_k=\sum_{i,j}p_{ij,k}x_ix_j\) is referred to as a quadratic stochastic operator, if \(p_{ij,k}=p_{ji,k}\geq 0\) and \(\sum_{k=1}^mp_{ij, k}=1\); such an operator is called doubly stochastic if \(Vx\) is majorized by \(x\) for all \(x\) in the simplex. The authors study the extreme points (vertices) of the simplex of doubly stochastic operators and the conditions for a quadratic operator being doubly stochastic.