Enumeration of algebras close to absolutely free algebras and binary trees (Q2386047)

Let \(F_0(X)\) be the absolutely free (nonassociative) algebra generated by the set \(X\) and let \(F_1(X)\) and \(F_2(X)\) be, respectively, the free commutative and anticommutative algebra. Both the number of plane rooted binary trees and the number of different arrangements of brackets are equal to the corresponding Catalan number, and many combinatorial problems on \(F_{\delta}(X)\), \(\delta=0,1,2\), are equivalent to the enumeration of some labeled rooted binary trees. This very interesting paper is devoted to the quantitative properties of the algebras \(F_{\delta}(X)\), as well as of their free solvable and nilpotent factor algebras. When \(X\) is finite, the author calculates the Hilbert series of the graded algebras \(F_{\delta}(X)\) and determines the asymptotics of their coefficients. He also determines explicitly the exponential generating functions related with the dimensions of the multilinear components of the algebras, as well as their asymptotics. Then the paper deals with free solvable, completely solvable, right-nilpotent, and completely right-nilpotent algebras. The author shows that the corresponding Hilbert series and exponential generating functions are rational or, in the worst case, algebraic. It is well known that the subalgebras of \(F_{\delta}(X)\), \(\delta=0,1,2\), are free in the corresponding class. The author obtains analogues of the Schreier formula for the rank of a subgroup of a free group. The results are expressed in terms of series. As an application, the author studies invariants of finite groups acting on absolutely free algebras and proves that the algebras of invariants are not finitely generated.