A Calderón Zygmund decomposition for multiple frequencies and an application to an extension of a lemma of Bourgain (Q2275713)

The authors introduce a variant of the Calderón-Zygmund decomposition in which the standard cancellation condition is replaced by a collection of conditions for a set of frequencies \(X = \{ \xi_1, \dots, \xi_N \}\): Theorem. There is a universal constant \(C\) such that the following holds. Let \(\xi_1 < \cdots < \xi_N\) be arbitrary real numbers for some \(N \geq 1\). Let \(f \in L^1(\mathbb R)\) and \(\lambda > 0\). Then there is a decomposition \[ f = g + \sum_{I \in {\mathbf I}} b_I \] for some disjoint collection \(\mathbf{I}\) of intervals with \[ \sum_{I \in \mathbf{I}}|I| \leq CN^{1/2} \| f \|_1 \lambda^{-1} \] such that for each \(I \in \mathbf{I}\) and \(1 \leq j \leq N\) we have the following, where \(f_I\) is the product of the function \(f\) with the characteristic function of the interval \(I\): \[ \begin{gathered} \| g \|_2^2 \leq C \| f \|_1 N^{1/2}\lambda \\ \| f_I \|_1 \leq C |I| \lambda N^{-1/2} \\ \| f_I - b_I \|_2 \leq C |I|^{1/2} \lambda \\ \int b_I(x) e^{i \xi_j x}\, dx = 0\end{gathered} \] and the support of \(b_I\) is \(3I\), the interval with the same center as \(I\) and three times the length. The authors observe that such a Calderón-Zygmund decomposition would likely be useful in dealing with problems in time-frequency analysis, and note that two of them were able to use a variant of the decomposition to prove new bounds for a discrete model of the bilinear Hilbert transform. They then demonstrate its utility by using it to prove the following variation-norm variant of a multi-frequency maximal inequality of J. Bourgain. Theorem 1. Suppose that \( 1 < p \leq 2 < r < q\). Then there exists an \(M\) depending only on \(q\) and \(r\) such that \[ \begin{multlined} \| \Delta_k[f](x) \|_{L_x^p (V_k^q)} \\ \leq C_{p,q,r} (1 + \log N)N^{\left(\frac12 - \frac1r\right)\frac{q}{q-2} + \frac1p - \frac12} \left(D_M + \sup_{j = 1, \dots, N} \| \sum_{|\omega| = 2^k} \hat{\phi}_\omega (\xi_j) \|_{V_k^r} \right) \| f \|_{L^p},\end{multlined} \] where \(\omega\) denotes dyadic intervals, \(\phi_\omega\) a Schwartz function such that \(\hat{\phi}_\omega\) is supported on \(\omega\), \(\Delta_k\) is defined by \[ \Delta_k[f] = \sum_{|\omega| = 2^k; \omega \cap X \neq \emptyset} f* \phi_\omega, \] \[ D_M := \sup_{\omega, x} |\omega|^M |\hat{\phi}_\omega^{(M)}(x)|, \] and \(\| g_k \|_{V^r_k}\) denotes a particular variation norm of the sequence \(g_k\). The proof of the multi-frequency Calderón-Zygmund decomposition hinges on an estimate of \textit{P. Borwein} and \textit{T. Erdelyi} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 134, No. 11, 3243--3246 (2006; Zbl 1113.41017)], namely, that for each \(v \in \text{span}\{e^{i\xi_jx}: 1 \leq j \leq N\}\), \[ \| v \|_{L^\infty(I)} \leq N^{1/2} |I|^{-1/2} \| v \|_{L^2(3I)}. \] The estimate implies, for each \(f_I\), the existence of a function \(g_I\) such that \[ \begin{gathered} \int f_I(y) e^{2\pi i \xi_j y}\, dy = \int_{3I} g_I(y) e^{2\pi i \xi_j y}\, dy \text{ and} \\ \| g_I \|_{L^2(3I)} \leq N^{1/2} |I|^{-1/2} \| f\|_{L^1(I)};\end{gathered} \] it is these functions (where \(I\) ranges over the maximal dyadic intervals contained in \(E := \{M[f](x) > \lambda N^{-1/2}\}\) for which \(6I \subset E\)) which constitute the ``good'' functions of the new Calderón-Zygmund decomposition. After the authors obtain the \(p=2\) result and a weak-type estimate at \(p=1\) for Theorem 1, the generalized decomposition is then used in standard fashion to interpolate the full range \(1 < p < 2\).