Optimal estimates for the gradient of harmonic functions in the unit disk (Q371851)

The authors prove sharp, optimal estimates for the gradients of \(h^p\) harmonic functions in the unit disk. Using the Hölder inequality, they compute the \(L^q\) norm (where \(1/p +1/q =1\)) of the kernel \({\roman Re}{ e^{-i(\vartheta+\tau)}\over |\overline{z}-e^{-i\vartheta}|^2}\) and, when \(p>2\), they express it in terms of the beta functions and the Gauss hypergeometric function. Using the real part, \(u\) and the imaginary part, \(v\) of \(w\), they consider the differential matrix \(Dw(z)=\left( { u_x \atop v_x} { u_y \atop v_y }\right)\) and its norm defined by \(|Dw(z)|=\max\{|Dw(z) l|: |l|=1\}\). Their main estimate is as follows. Theorem 1.1. Let \(p>1\) and let \(q\) be its conjugate. Let \(w\in h^p\) be a complex harmonic function in the unit disk. Fix \(z\not= 0\), \(|z|<1\). Let \({\mathbf n}=z/|z|\), \({\mathbf t}=i z/|z|\). \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] Then, at \(z=r e^{i\alpha}\), \[ \begin{aligned} |Dw(z) e^{i\tau}| &\le C_p(z,e^{i\tau}) (1-r^2)^{-1/p -1} \|w\|_{h^p}, \cr |Dw(z) | &\le C_p(z) (1-r^2)^{-1/p -1} \|w\|_{h^p},\end{aligned} \] where \[ \begin{aligned} C_p(z,e^{i\tau}) &= {1 \over \pi} \left( \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} {|\cos(s+\tau-\alpha)|^q \over (1+r^2-2r\cos s)^{1-q}} ds \right)^{1/q}, \cr C_p(z) &= \begin{cases} C_p(z,\bold n) & \text{ if \(p < 2 \), } \\ C_p(z,\bold t) & \text{ if \(p\ge 2\).} \end{cases} \end{aligned} \] Moreover, \[ \begin{aligned} C_p(z,{\bold t}) \le C_p(z,e^{i\tau}) & \le C_p(z,{\bold n}) \quad\text{if } p<2, \cr C_p(z,{\bold n}) \le C_p(z,e^{i\tau}) & \le C_p(z,{\bold t}) \quad\text{if } p\ge 2. \end{aligned} \] \item[(b)] For \(p \geq 2\), \[ C_p(z)={2^{1/q} \over \pi} \left(B\left({1+q \over 2},{1\over 2}\right) F\left(1-{3q \over 2}, 1-q; 1+{q\over 2}; r^2\right) \right)^{1/q}, \] where \(B\) is the beta function and \(F\) is the Gauss hypergeometric function. \item[(c)] Finally, \[ \sup_{|z|<1} C_p(z)= \begin{cases} {1\over \pi}\left( \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} { |\cos s|^q \over (2-2\cos s)^{1-q}} ds\right)^{1/q} & \text{ if \(1< p<2\),} \\ {1\over \pi}\left( \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} { |\sin s|^q \over (2-2\cos s)^{1-q}} ds\right)^{1/q} & \text{ if \(p\geq 2\).} \end{cases} \] \end{itemize} The authors also relate their results to some earlier results, e.g. by \textit{G. Kresin} and \textit{V. Maz'ya} [Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 28, No. 2, 425--440 (2010; Zbl 1221.35111)] and \textit{F. Colonna} [Indiana Univ. Math. J. 38, No. 4, 829--840 (1989; Zbl 0677.30020)].