Large genus asymptotic geometry of random square-tiled surfaces and of random multicurves (Q2172457)

The authors study asymptotic properties of (free homotopy classes of) random multicurves on a close surface \(S\) as well as of random square-tiled surfaces when the genus \(g\) of \(S\) or of the square tiled surface tends to \(\infty\). Here, a multicurve is a formal weighted sum of non-contractible simple curves. A square-tiled surface is a closed, oriented, quadrangulated surface with some extra conditions that imply that the holonomy group of the flat surface metric induced by the quadrilaterals is \(\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\). Moreover, it is assumed that the surface is free of conical vertices of angle \(\pi\). Random multicurves are defined by sampling with a certain probability distribution from the finite set of multicurves of length bounded by \(L\) and letting \(L \to \infty\). Random square-tiled surfaces are defined similarly by sampling from the finite set of square-tiled surfaces with at most \(N\) squares and letting \(N \to \infty\). The main results for random multicurves on surfaces of genus \(g\) for \(g \to \infty\) are \begin{itemize} \item The corresponding reduced multicurve does not separate the surface with asymptotic probability \(1\). \item The asymptotic probability that a multicurve is primitive equals~\(\sqrt{2}/2\). \item The probability that a random multicurve with \(o(\log g)\) components is primitive is asymptotically~\(1\). \item The probability that all weights of a random multicurve are bounded by \(m\) is asymptotically~\(\sqrt{\frac{m}{m+1}}\). \end{itemize} They parallel the results on random square-tiled surfaces of genus \(g\) for \(g \to \infty\): \begin{itemize} \item All conical singularities are located on the same leaf of horizontal foliation and of vertical foliation with asymptotic probability \(1\). \item The asymptotic probability that each maximal horizontal cylinder is composed of a single band is \(\sqrt{2}/2\). \item The asymptotic probability that a random square-tiled surface with \(o(\log g)\) cylinders is composed of a single band is asymptotically~\(1\). \item For any \(m \in \mathbb{N}\), the asymptotic probability that every maximal horizontal cylinder of a random square-tiled surface of genus \(g\) has at most \(m\) bands of squares is asymptotically \(\sqrt{\frac{m}{m+1}}\). \end{itemize} The authors also prove central limit theorems for the number of components of a multicurve \(\gamma\), counted with multiplicity, and for the number of maximal horizontal cylinders in cylinder decomposition of square-tiled surface \(S\) of genus \(g\). The similarity of above results results is no coincidence but follows from [\textit{V. Delecroix, V.} et al., ``Duke Math. J. 170, No. 12, 2633--2718 (2021; Zbl 1471.14066)]. This rather long paper is self-contained and features a carefully written introduction of more than 20 pages which explains in detail the method of proof and relations to recent literature, in particular to [\textit{A. Aggarwal}, Invent. Math. 226, No. 3, 897--1010 (2021; Zbl 1480.14020)].