Tests and problems of the standard model in cosmology (Q2400036)

Is the standard \(\Lambda\)CDM cosmological paradigm well established? There are possible flaws in the model or alternative theories that can explain the data as well? The aim of this paper is to review most of the problems that affect the standard cosmological model and how many evidences in favor of the standard paradigm can be explained with different theories as well. For example: is the redshift an irrefutable proof of the expansion of the universe or can it be explained elsewhere? The author shows many alternative redshift theories based both on new physics or due to conventional mechanisms that can explain the cosmological redshift without expansion or Doppler effect. Or: is the Cosmic Background Radiation a clear evidence of the Big Bang? Also, in this case it is shown that alternative explanations are possible. The author examines critically all the evidences that lead to the standard cosmological paradigm, i.e.: 1) Redshift and other proofs of expansion 2) The existence of the Cosmic Background Radiation and their anisotropy 3) Nucleosynthesis and Reionization 4) Formation of Galaxies, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. In any of these evidences, problems and inconsistencies are examined. The paper is a large collection (almost five hundred!) of bibliographic references showing all the possible flaws in the standard cosmological model and alternative explanations. Despite this, the paper does not support a ``heretical'' point of view but is a reference to whom want to study test problems in cosmology or alternative models. The author concludes that all the alternative models are more problematic than the standard one and the standard paradigm remains the most probable one. The paper is very interesting, easy to read and offers a lot of insights. The reader will be surprised by the fact that the standard cosmological paradigm is not so reliable as believed so far.