Some non-hyperbolic systems with strictly non-zero Lyapunov exponents for all invariant measures: Horseshoes with internal tangencies (Q2503186)

The authors consider \(C^2\)-diffeomorphisms \(\varphi\) on Riemannian surfaces. The goal of the authors is to study the hyperbolic properties of a class of maps exhibiting a homoclinic tangency associated to a fixed saddle point. The authors show that all Lyapunov exponents of all invariant measures are uniformly bounded away from \(0\).