The nonlinear Schrödinger limit and the initial layer of the Zakharov equations (Q5905443)

The relations between the Zakharov equations \[ (Z_ \lambda)\quad i\partial_ t E_ \lambda+\Delta E_ \lambda=n_ \lambda E_ \lambda, \;t>0, \;x\in R^ N; \qquad \lambda^{-2}\partial_ t^ 2 n_ \lambda-\Delta n_ \lambda=\Delta| E_ \lambda|^ 2,\;t>0,\;x\in R^ N \] \[ E_ \lambda(0,x)=E_ 0(x), \qquad n_ \lambda(0,x)=n_ 0(x), \qquad \partial_ t n_ \lambda(0,x)=n_ 1(x) \] and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation \[ i\partial_ t E+\Delta E=-| E|^ 2 E,\quad t>0, \quad x\in R^ N; \qquad E(0,x)=E_ 0(x), \quad x\in R^ N \tag{NLS} \] are studied. Formally, NLS can be obtained in the limit \(\lambda\to\infty\), from \((Z_ \lambda)\). The authors obtain the following main results: (1) Assume \(n_ 0+| E_ 0|^ 2\neq 0\). Then for any \(T\) with \(0\leq T<T_{\max}\) and any \(n\in N\) there exist two positive constants \(C\) and \(\lambda_ 0\) such that for any \(\lambda\geq\lambda_ 0\): \(\text{Sup}_{0\leq t\leq T}\| E_ \lambda(t)-E(t)\|_{H^ m}\leq c\lambda^{-1}\). (2) Assume \(n_ 0+| E_ 0|^ 2=0\); when \(N\leq 2\), assume in addition, that \(n\) takes the form \(n_ 1=\nabla\phi\) for some \(\phi\in S\). Then for any \(T\) with \(0<T<T_{\max}\) and any \(m\in N\) there exist two positive constants \(c\) and \(\lambda_ 0\) such that for any \(\lambda\geq\lambda_ 0\): \(\text{Sup}_{0\leq t\leq T}\| E_ \lambda(t)-E(t)\|_{H^ m}\leq c\lambda^{-2}\). These results improve the previous results by \textit{H. Added} and \textit{S. Added} [J. Funct. Anal. 79, No. 1, 183-210 (1988; Zbl 0655.76044)].