Resonances in one dimension and Fredholm determinants (Q1840579)

The one-dimensional Schrödinger operator \(H=H_0+V\) is considered, where \(H_0\) is one of \(-d^2/dx^2\) on \(L^2(\mathbb{R})\) (Case 1), \(-d^2/dx^2\) on \(L^2(0,\infty)\) with \(u(0)=0\) (Case 2) or \(u'(0)+hu(0)\) (Case 3), \(-d^2/dx^2+l(l+1)/x^2\), \(l=1,2,\dots\) (Case 4), and \(V\) is a potential with compact support. The operator \((H_0+\kappa ^2)^{-1}\) is a well-defined integral operator for Re\(\kappa >0\) except for a pole at \(\kappa =-h\) in Case 3 with \(h<0\); its kernel is denoted by \(G_0(x,y;\kappa)\). \(G_0(x,y;\kappa)\) can be given explicitly and is analytic in \(\kappa \) with poles at most at \(0\) and \(-h\). The Birman-Schwinger kernel is defined by \[ K(\kappa)(x,y)=V(x)/|V(x)|^{1/2}G_0(x,y;\kappa)|V(y)|^{1/2}. \] The Birman-Schwinger principle states that \(-\kappa ^2\) is an eigenvalue of \(H_0+V\) with Re\(\kappa >0\) if and only if \(K(\kappa)\) has eigenvalue \(-1\). \(\kappa \) is called a resonance energy if Re\(\kappa <0\) and \(K(\kappa)\) has eigenvalue \(-1\); if additionally Im\(\kappa =0\), then \(\kappa \) is called an antibound state. In this paper, results of \textit{R. Froese} [J. Differ. Equations 137, No. 2, 251-272 (1997; Zbl 0955.35057)] and \textit{M. Zworski} [J. Funct. Anal. 73, 277-296 (1987; Zbl 0662.34033)] are generalized and alternative proofs are provided. It is shown that \(K(\kappa)\) is a trace class operator. Then \(d(\kappa):=\text{det}(1+K(\kappa))\), and in Cases 1 and 2, \(d(\kappa)=1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty d_n(\kappa)\), where \(d_n(\kappa)\) is an \(n\)-dimensional integral of \(V(x_1)\dots V(x_n)\) with explicitly given weight consisting of exponential functions involving \(\kappa \). Alternatively, \(d(\kappa)\) can be written as a Laplace transform. Finally, it is shown in Cases 2, 3, 4, if \(H\) has \(n\) bound states \(0<\kappa _1<\dots<\kappa _n\), then each interval \((-\kappa _{j+1},-\kappa _j)\) has an odd number of antibound states.