\(\epsilon\) -uniformly convergent fitted methods for the numerical solution of the problems arising from singularly perturbed general ddes (Q861081)

Singularly perturbed delay differential equations (ddes) of the following form are considered: \[ \varepsilon y''(x) + a(x)y'(x) + \alpha(x)y(x-\delta) + \zeta(x) y(x) + \beta(x)y(x+\eta) = f(x), \quad \text{on}\,\, (0,1), \] subject to the conditions \(y(x) = \phi(x)\), for \( \delta \leq x \leq 0\), \(y(x) = \gamma(x)\), for \( 1 \leq x \leq 1 + \eta \), and with suitable smoothness assumptions on the coefficients. To solve these types of problems, two numerical methods are proposed. Basically, using Taylor's expansions for the terms \(y(x-\delta)\) and \(y(x+\eta)\), the delay differential equation is converted to a second-order ordinary differential equation with suitable boundary conditions. To solve the resultant boundary value problem, two numerical methods are proposed. The first method is a first-order uniform convergent fitted operator finite difference method, and the second method uses Shishkin's piecewise uniform mesh, and produces \(O(N^{-2}\ln^2 N)\). Some numerical examples are provided supporting the theoretical results.