Zariski decompositions on arithmetic surfaces (Q1932213)

The author proves an Arakelov-geometry analog (Theorem A) of the \textit{O. Zariski} decomposition [Ann. Math. (2) 76, 560--615 (1962; Zbl 0124.37001)] and its recent simplification [\textit{T. Bauer}, J. Algebr. Geom. 18, No. 4, 789--793 (2009; Zbl 1184.14007)]. For this, the author introduces Green functions \(g\) of various types (\(C^0\), \(C^\infty\), PSH) to define arithmetic \(\mathbb R\)-divisors \(\overline D = (D,g)\). Then \(\widehat {\mathrm{Div}}\), \(\widehat {\mathrm{Pic}}\), \(\widehat H^0\) are defined analogously, and the \(\widehat {\mathrm{vol}}\) measures the asymptotic growth of \(\widehat h^0(n\overline D)\). The intersection number \(\widehat {\mathrm{deg}}(\overline D|_C)\) of \(\overline D\) with a 1-dimensional closed integral subscheme \(C\) is defined, through which nef divisors are defined. The main theorem states that given an arithmetic \(\mathbb R\)-Cartier divisor \(\overline D\) of \(C^0\)-type on an arithmetic surface, there exists a nef divisor \(\overline P\) of \(C^0\)-type such that \(\overline P\) and \(\overline N = \overline D - \overline P\) satisfy: \(\widehat {\mathrm{vol}}(\overline D) = \widehat {\mathrm{vol}}(\overline P)\), intersections of \(\overline P\) and \(\overline N\) are \(0\), and components of \(\overline N\) intersect negative-definitely. For the proof, the author develops a general theory of arithmetic \(\mathbb R\)-divisors. Even when \(\overline D\) is of \(C^\infty\)-type, \(\overline P\) does not have to be, and the author uses regularity results from \textit{R. Berman} and \textit{J-P Demailly} [Progr. Math. 296, 39--66 (2012; Zbl 1258.32010)] to show continuity of \(\overline P\). The paper ends with examples of decompositions on \(\mathbb P^1_{\mathbb Z}\), demonstrating that Arakelov Chow group is insufficient for Zariski decomposition and arithmetic \(\mathbb R\)-divisors are needed.