The Littlewood-Paley \(g\)-function associated with the spherical mean operator (Q1949855)

Let \(S^n\) be the unit sphere of \(\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^n\) and \(d\sigma_n\) the surface measure on \(S^n\) normalized to have total measure one. The spherical mean operator \(\mathcal{R}\) is defined, for a function \(f\) on \(\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^n\) and all \((r,x)\in\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^n\), by \[ \mathcal{R}(f)(r,x):=\int_{S^n}f(r\eta,x+r\xi)d\sigma_n(\eta,\xi). \] Let \(\Upsilon_+:=[0,\infty)\times\mathbb{R}^n \cup\{(is,y): (s,y)\in[0,\infty)\times\mathbb{R}^n,\;s\leq|y|\}\) and \(\mathcal{B}_{\Upsilon_+}\) be the \(\sigma\)-algebra defined on \(\Upsilon_+\) by \[ \mathcal{B}_{\Upsilon_+}:=\{\theta^{-1}(B):\;B\in\mathcal{B}_{Bor}([0,\infty)\times\mathbb{R}^n)\}, \] where \(\theta\) is a bijective function, defined on \(\Upsilon_+\), by \(\theta(s,y):=(\sqrt{s^2+|y|^2},y)\). Denote by \(\gamma_{n+1}\) the measure defined on \(\mathcal{B}_{\Upsilon_+}\) by \(\gamma_{n+1}=\nu_{n+1}(\theta(B))\), where \(d\nu_{n+1}\) denotes the measure defined on \([0,\infty)\times\mathbb{R}^n\) by \[ d\nu_{n+1}(r,x):=\frac{r^n}{2^\frac{n-1}{2}\Gamma(\frac{n+1}{2})}dr\otimes\frac{dx}{(2\pi)^\frac{n}{2}}. \] In this paper, for \(t>0\), the authors introduce the Poisson kernel \(p_t\) associated with the spherical mean operator by, for all \((r,x)\in\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^n\), \[ p_t(r,x):=\int_{\Upsilon_+}e^{-t\sqrt{s^2+2|y|^2}}\overline{\varphi_{(s,y)}(r,x)}d\gamma_{n+1}(s,y), \] where \(\varphi_{(s,y)}(r,x):=\mathcal{R}(\cos(\mu\cdot)e^{-i\langle\lambda|\cdot\rangle})(r,x)\). The authors also introduce the Littlewood-Paley \(g\)-function associated with the spherical mean operator by \[ g(f)(r,x):=\left(\int_0^\infty\left|\nabla_{\frac{n-1}{2}}(p_t\ast f)(r,x)\right|^2t\,dt\right)^{1/2}, \;\;(r,x)\in[0,\infty)\times\mathbb{R}^n, \] where \(|\nabla_{\frac{n-1}{2}}|^2:= |\frac{\partial}{\partial r}|^2+\sum_{i=1}^n|\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i}|^2 +|\frac{\partial}{\partial t}|^2\). The authors prove that, for every \(p\in(1,2]\) and \(f\in L^p(d\nu_{n+1})\), \[ \|g(f)\|_{p,\nu_{n+1}}\leq\frac{2^\frac{2+p}{2p}}{\sqrt{p}(p-1)^\frac{1}{p}}\|f\|_{p,\nu_{n+1}}. \]