Embedding cones over arc-smooth continua into their hyperspace of subcontinua (Q897974)
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English | Embedding cones over arc-smooth continua into their hyperspace of subcontinua |
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Embedding cones over arc-smooth continua into their hyperspace of subcontinua (English)
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8 December 2015
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For a metric continuum \(X\), let \(C(X)\) denote the hyperspace of subcontinua of \(X\). The cone over \(X\) is denoted by \(Cone(X)\). The elements of \(Cone(X)\) are pairs \((x,t)\), where \(x \in X\), \(t \in [0,1]\), and \((x,1)=(y,1)\) for every \(x,y \in X\). An arc-structure in \(X\) is a mapping \(A\) from \(X \times X\) into \(C(X)\) such that for distinct points \(x\) and \(y\), in \(X\), the set \(A(x,y)\) is an arc joining them and the following holds: {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] \(A(x,x)=x\) \item [(b)] \(A(x,y)=A(y,x)\), and \item [(c)] \(A(x,z) \subset A(x,y) \cup A(y,z)\), with equality prevailing whenever \(y\) belongs to \(A(x,z)\). \end{itemize}} The continuum \(X\) is arc-smooth provided that there exists a point \(p\) such that the function from \(X\) into \(C(X)\) sending \(x\) to \(A(p,x)\) is continuous. Examples of arc-smooth continua include dendrites, some dendroids, convex subcontinua of Hilbert spaces and some hyperspaces. The continuum \(X\) is ordered cone-embeddable in \(C(X)\) if there is an embedding \(h\) from \(Cone(X)\) into \(C(X)\) such that \(h(x,0)={x}\) for each \(x \in X\) and \(h(x,s)\) is properly contained in \(h(x,t)\) for each \(x \in X\) and \(s < t\). In a previous paper [Topology Appl. 160, No. 2, 296-304 (2013; Zbl 1270.54015)], the author introduced and studied the notion of ordered cone-embeddable continua. In the paper under review the author proves that if \(X\) is an arc-smooth continuum, then \(X\) is ordered cone-embeddable in \(C(X)\). He also shows two examples of non-smooth dendroids, one is cone embeddable while the other one is not.
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arc-smooth
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cone
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continuum
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dendrite
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embedding
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hyperspace
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Whitney levels
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