Invariant means on Banach spaces (Q2404717)

Let \((S,+)\) be a semigroup. \(S\) is called left amenable if there exists a linear map \(L:B(S,\mathbb{R})\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) such that \[ \operatorname{Inf} f(S)\leq L(f)\leq \operatorname{Sup} f(S) \] and \[ L(_{a}f)=L(f),\quad a\in S,\quad f\in B(S,\mathbb{R}), \] where \(_{a}f(x)=f(a+x)\). The right amenability for a semigroup is defined similarly. A semigroup \((S,+)\) is amenable if it is both left and right amenable. Let \((S,+)\) be a left amenable semigroup, and let \((X,||\cdot||)\) be a Banach space. A linear map \(M:B(S,X)\rightarrow X\) is called left invariant mean if \(||M||\leq 1\) and \(M(c1_{S})=c\) and also \(M(_{a}f)=M(f)\) for each \(a\in S, f\in B(S,X), c\in X\). The right case is defined similarly. \(M\) is called invariant mean if \(M\) is a left and a right invariant mean. A Banach space \((X,||\cdot||)\) is said to have the invariant mean property if and only if for every amenable semigroup \(S\) there exists an invariant mean \(M:B(S,X)\rightarrow X\). As main results of the paper we mention the following: {\parindent=0.7cm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] If \(X\) is a normed space, then \(X^{*}\) has the invariant mean property. \item[(ii)] For a Banach space \(X\) which does not contain \(\ell^{1}\), \(X\) has the invariant mean property if and only if \(X\) is a dual space. \item[(iii)] Some hereditary properties for this generalized notion of amenability are given. \end{itemize}}