Blossoming and Hermite-Padé approximation for hypergeometric series (Q2234478)

The authors study so-called \textit{type II Hermite-Padé approximants} and they introduce the concept of ``blossom'' in order to calculate the simutaneous Hermite-Padé approximants to \(n\)-tuples of binomial functions (Theorems 3.4 and 3.5 in \S3) and to \(n\)-tuples of \(q\)-hypergeometric functions (Theorems 5.3 and 5.4 in \S5). Apart from the blossom-theory, an important role is played by an extension of the \textit{Hermite identity} to the case of an \(n\)-tuple of polynomials. This concept was introduced by \textit{Ch. Hermite} [Annali di Mat. (2) 21, 289--308 (1893; JFM 25.0325.02)]. The one function form runs as follows: Any univariate complex polynomial \(P\) satisfies \[ G_P(x)E^x-G_P(0)=x\int_0^1\,P(tx)e^{tx}dt,\quad x\in\mathbb{C}, \] where the polynomial \(G_P\) is defined by \[ G_P(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\,(-1)^k P^{(k)}(x). \] It is impossible to give the concept of blossom in full in a review as this would only lead to copying the relevant pages, but the extended Hermite identity for the exponential function then takes the following form: For any non-negative integer \(N\) and any \(u_1,\dots,u_N\), \(x\in\mathbb{C}\) \[ f_N(u_1-x,\dots,u_n-x)e^x-f_N(u_1,\dots,u_n)=\frac{(-1)^Nx}{N!}\,\int_0^1\,e^{xt}\prod_{i=1}^N\,(xt-u_i)dt, \] where \(f_N\) is the blossom in \(N\) variables of the\(N\)-degree truncation \[ F_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^N\,\frac{x^k}{k!},\quad x\in\mathbb{C}. \] The layout of the paper is as follows: \textbf{\S1. Introduction} (\(3\) pages) \textbf{\S2. Preliminaries} (\(5\) pages) Contains a brief overview and preliminary results on blossoms, introducing in Subsection \S2.1. \textit{Definition 2.1} For any non-negative \(N\) and any \(P\in\mathbb{P}_N\) (polynomials in \(N\) variables), the unique multi-affine symmetric function \(p\) on \(\mathbb{R}^N\) such that \(p(x^{[N]}=P(x)\) for all \(x\in\mathbb{R}\) is termed the \textit{blossom} (in \(N\) variables) of the polynomial \(P\). (Remark: Here \(x^{[N]}\) stands for \(x\) repeated \(N\) times.) This is followed by a short Section \S2.2 on Padé approximants. \textbf{\S3. Hermite identity and Padé approximants to binomial functions} (\(8\frac{1}{2}\) pages) Gives a Hermite identity for the binomial function \((1-x)^{\alpha}\), \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\), \(x\in (-1,1)\) and its blossomed versiion, along with its Padé approximants (well-known from the literature). In \S3.4 this is extended to simultaneous approximants to the \(m\)-tuple \((1-\lambda_1 x)^{\alpha},\dots,(1-\lambda_m x)^{\alpha}\) with \(\lambda_1,\dots,\lambda_m\) pairwise distinct non-zero real numbers. \textbf{\S4. The \(q\)-world} (\(5\) pages) Introduces the \(q\)-hypergeometric series \({}_r\phi_s\) and their blossoms. \textbf{\S5. Hermite identities and Padé aproximants to \(q\)-hypergeometric functions} (\(8\) pages) First, the case \({}_1\phi_0(\alpha;-q,\cdot)\) is treated and after that follows the explicit expressions of an \((n_0,n\dots,n)\)-Hermite-Padé approximant to the set \({}_1\phi_0(\alpha,-,q,\lambda_1x),\dots,{}_1\phi_0(\alpha,-,q,\lambda_mx)\) where \(\lambda_1,\dots,\lambda_m\) are pairwise distinct non-zero real numbers and \(n_0,n\) are any non-negative integers. \textbf{\S6. Conclusion} (\(\frac{1}{2}\) page) \textbf{References} (\(36\) items) An interesting paper whose contents actually easily could cover many more pages if one would -- the ideas merit it -- go into some more detail.