Virtual knots and infinite-dimensional Lie algebras (Q702060)

The main objects in the present paper are virtual links and their virtual quandles. Virtual knots and links were introduced by \textit{L. H. Kauffman} [Eur. J. Comb. 20, No. 7, 663--690 (1999; Zbl 0938.57006)]. The virtual quandle was introduced by the present author [Acta Appl. Math. 72, No. 3, 295--309 (2002; Zbl 1003.57005)] as a virtual version of the knot quandle proposed independently by \textit{D. Joyce} [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 23, 37--65 (1982; Zbl 0474.57003)] and \textit{S. V. Matveev} [Math. USSR, Sb. 47, 73--83 (1984; Zbl 0523.57006)]. In fact, it is a quandle \((M, \circ)\) with a unary operation \(f\) such that: (1) \(f\) is invertible, (2) \(\circ\) is idempotent, (3) \(\circ\) is left invertible, (4) \(f\) is a quandle automorphism. Note that a quandle is an object satisfying the conditions (2) and (3) above. Namely, the operation \(f\) in a virtual quandle is added for virtual crossings. Any group \(G\) can be transformed into a virtual quandle as in the case of ordinary quandles, for example, put \(a \circ b = b^{n} a b^{-n}\) for \(a\), \(b \in G\) and \(n \in \mathbb{Z}\) and let \(f\) be any automorphism of \(G\), or set \(a \circ b = ba^{-1}b\) for \(a\), \(b \in G\) and let \(f\) be any (anti-)automorphism of \(G\). Given a virtual link diagram \(L\), we can construct its virtual quandle \(\mathcal{Q}(L)\) in any group \(G\). The virtual quandle \(\mathcal Q(L)\) is a virtual link invariant. (Please refer to the author's paper quoted above for details). In the present paper, the author studies how to construct virtual link invariants with valuee in (infinite-dimensional) Lie algebras via virtual quandles in a Lie group. Given a virtual quandle in a Lie group \(G\), we can construct an algebra in its Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\) by using a correspondence between \(G\) and \(\mathfrak{g}\) under the exponential map exp: \(\mathfrak{g} \rightarrow G\) with its inverse, the logarithm, log: \(G \rightarrow \mathfrak{g}\). Let \(K\) be a virtual link diagram. Then the author shows that the algebras in \(\mathfrak{g}\) associated with a virtual quandle \(\mathcal{Q}(K)\) in \(G\) are invariants of oriented virtual links, which are closely related to colorings of a virtual link diagram like quandles. In the final section, the author explains how to work with the invariants.