On the existence of curves with a triple point on a \(K3\) surface (Q713968)

The object of study is a smooth family \(\mathfrak{X}\to\mathbb{A}^1\) of projective complex surfaces assuming that (1) general fibres \(\mathfrak{X}_t\) are smooth whilst the central fibre \(\mathfrak{X}_0=A\cup B\) is a union of smooth surfaces intersecting transversely along a smooth curve \(E=A\cap B\); (2) for a Cartier divisor \(D\) in \(\mathfrak{X}\) and \(D_t=D\cap\mathfrak{X}_t\) for all \(t\in\mathbb{A}^1\backslash \{ 0\}\), there exists a divisor \(C_t\in |D_t|\) on \(\mathfrak{X}_t\) having a triple point mapped to a general point \(P\in E\) on \(\mathfrak{X}_0\) by a deformation in the family. It is mainly asked what types of singularities appear in \(E\) on \(\mathfrak{X}_0\), related to the study of divisors that may be contained in irreducible components of the Zariski closure of a Severi variety. In the first part, it is proved that the central fibre \(\mathfrak{X}_0\) has a non-planar quadruple point if in addition, \(\mathfrak{X}_t\) has nodes as singularity. The keys are to give an explicit analytic equation at \(P\in E\) by an equisingular deformation and to execute a certain deformation. The second part is for when the general fibres \(\mathfrak{X}_t\) being primitively polarised \(K3\) surfaces of genus \(p\). Then \(\mathfrak{X}_0\) actually is a union of two rational normal scrolls \(R_1\) and \(R_2\), and \(E=R_1\cap R_2\) is an elliptic curve that is the anticanonical divisor of both \(R_1\) and \(R_2\). The main theorem of this paper is Theorem 1.1 which tells that, when \((p,n)\not= (4,1)\), there exists an irreducible and reduced curve \(C\in |nH|\) on \(S\) such that \(C\) has just an ordinary triple point, nodes, and \(d_k\) singularities of type \(A_{k-1}\), where the numbers of nodes and \(d_k\) are determined only by \(p\) and \(n\). Moreover, such curves \(C\) on \(S\) correspond to the regular point on the equisingular deformation locus \(\mathrm{ES}(C)\).