The ring of integers of Hopf-Galois degree \(p\) extensions of \(p\)-adic fields with dihedral normal closure (Q2112718)

It is a classical problem in algebraic number theory to study the Galois module structure of rings of integers. Here, let us consider a finite extension \(L/K\) of local fields. In the classical setting, one assumes that \(L/K\) is Galois and studies the structure of \(\mathcal{O}_L\) as an \(\mathcal{O}_K[G]\)-module, where \(G\) denotes the Galois group of \(L/K\). But \(\mathcal{O}_L\) is free over \(\mathcal{O}_K[G]\) if and only if \(L/K\) is tame, by a result of Noether, and in order to study the wildly ramified extensions, one also considers \(\mathcal{O}_L\) as a module over the associated order \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\) of \(L/K\). This approach is due to Leopoldt. A more recent trend is to regard \(\mathcal{O}_L\) as a module over the associated order \(\mathfrak{A}_{H}\) of any Hopf-Galois structure \(H\) on \(L/K\), where one recovers the classical associated order \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\) when \(H = K[G]\) is taken to be the group ring. Hopf-Galois structures can be defined on any extensions, so in this approach, one can study the Galois module structure of \(\mathcal{O}_L\) even when \(L/K\) is not Galois. The paper under review considers the following setting, where \(p\) denotes an arbitrary odd prime. \begin{itemize} \item Let \(L/K\) be a degree \(p\) extension of \(p\)-adic fields. \item Let \(e\) denote the ramification index of \(K/\mathbb{Q}_p\). \item Let \(\widetilde{L}\) denote the normal closure of \(L/K\) and assume that \(\widetilde{L}/K\) is totally ramified. \item Let \(t\) denote the ramification jump of \(\widetilde{L}/K\). \end{itemize} In the case that \(\widetilde{L} = L\), namely when \(L/K\) is a totally ramified Galois extension of degree \(p\), it is known that the group ring is the unique Hopf-Galois structure on \(L/K\), and by previous work of \textit{F. Bertrandias} et al. [C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. A 274, 1388--1391 (1972; Zbl 0235.12008)], one knows exactly when \(\mathcal{O}_L\) is free over the classical associated order \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\). This is stated in Theorem 1.1 of the paper, which we summarize as follows: \begin{itemize} \item For \(t < \frac{pe}{p-1} -1\), we have that \(\mathcal{O}_L\) is \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\)-free if and only if the remainder of \(t\) mod \(p\) divides \(p-1\). \item For \( t \geq \frac{pe}{p-1} -1\), we have that \(\mathcal{O}_L\) is \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\)-free if and only if the length of the expansion of \(\frac{t}{p}\) as continued fraction is at most \(4\). \end{itemize} The author extends the above results to the case when \(\mathrm{Gal}(\widetilde{L}/K)\) is a dihedral group of order \(2p\). Although \(L/K\) is no longer Galois, it is known that it admits a unique Hopf-Galois structure, and the author denotes its associated order by \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\). One notes that \(\frac{p+t}{2}\) is an integer here, and we summarize Theorem 1.2, the main result of this paper, as follows: \begin{itemize} \item For \(\frac{t}{2} < \frac{pe}{p-1} -1\), we have that \(\mathcal{O}_L\) is \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\)-free if and only if the remainder of \(\frac{p+t}{2}\) mod \(p\) divides \(p-1\). \item If \(\frac{t}{2}\geq \frac{pe}{p-1}-1\), then \(\mathcal{O}_L\) is \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\)-free if and only if the length of the expansion of \(\frac{p+t}{2p}\) as continued fraction is at most \(4\). \end{itemize} As a consequence, the author proves that if \(K/\mathbb{Q}_p\) is unramified in addition, then \(\mathcal{O}_L\) is always \(\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}\)-free (see Proposition 8.1). It is very interesting that this dihedral case, despite the fact that \(L/K\) is not Galois, exhibits such similar behavior as the cyclic case. Finally, we remark that Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 as stated in the paper have more contents than the above. There is also a treatment of the case when \(\widetilde{L}/K\) is not assumed to be totally ramified in Section 4. We refer the reader to the paper for details.