Almost para-Hermitian and almost paracontact metric structures induced by natural Riemann extensions (Q1729897)

If $N$ is a $2n$-dimensional smooth manifold and $P$ is a $(1,1)$-tensor field such that $P\ne\text{Id}$ and $P^2=\text{Id}$, then $(N,P)$ is called an almost product manifold, and if the eigendistributions ${\mathcal{D}}^+$ and ${\mathcal{D}}^-$ of $P$ have the same rank, then $P$ is called a para-complex structure and $(N,P)$ is an almost para-complex manifold. If $N$ is equipped with an almost para-complex structure $P$ and a semi-Riemannian metric $g$ such that $P$ is an anti-isometry with respect to $g$, i.e., $g(PX,PY)= -g(X,Y)$, then $(N,P,g)$ is an almost para-Hermitian manifold. The fundamental 2-form $\Omega$ and the tensor field $F$ of type $(0,3)$ of $(N,P,g)$ are defined by $\Omega(X,Y)=g(X,PY)$ and $F(X,Y,Z)=g((\nabla_XP)Y,Z)$, respectively, where $\nabla$ is the Levi-Civita connection of $g$. $(N,P,g)$ is called para-Kähler if $\nabla P=0$ or $F=0$, and $(N,P,g)$ is called almost para-Kähler if $d\Omega=0$. A $(1,1)$-tensor field $T$ on a semi-Riemannian manifold $(N,g)$ is called harmonic if $T$ viewed as an endomorphism field $T:(TN,g^C)\to(TN,g^C)$ is a harmonic map, where $g^C$ denotes the complete lift of the semi-Riemannian metric $g$. $T$ is harmonic if and only if $\delta T=\text{trace}_g(\nabla T)=0$. If $(M,\nabla)$ is an $n$-dimensional manifold endowed with a symmetric linear connection $\nabla$, then the natural Riemann extension semi-Riemannian connection $\overline g$ is defined as $\overline g_{(x,\omega)}(X^C,Y^C)=-a\omega(\nabla_{X_x}Y+\nabla_{Y_x}X)+b\omega(X_x)\omega(Y_x)$, $\overline g_{(x,\omega)}(X^C,\alpha^V)=a\alpha(X_x)$, $\overline g_{(x,\omega)}(\alpha^V,\beta^V)=0$, where $\alpha$, $\beta$ are differential 1-forms, $a$, $b$ are arbitrary constants, and $X^C$ and $\alpha^V$ are the complete lift of a vector field $X$ and the vertical lift of a differential 1-form $\alpha$ on $M$, respectively. If $b\ne0$, then $\overline g$ is called a proper natural Riemann extension. The structure ${\mathcal{P}}$ defined by ${\mathcal{P}}X^C=X^C$ and ${\mathcal{P}}\alpha^V=-\alpha^V$ on $T^*M$ is a canonical almost para-complex structure. If on a $(2n+1)$-dimensional smooth manifold $M$ a $(1,1)$-tensor field $\varphi$, a vector field $\xi$, and a 1-form $\eta$ satisfy $\varphi^2=\text{Id}-\eta\otimes\xi$, $\eta(\xi)=1$, and the eigendistributions ${\mathcal{D}}^+$ and ${\mathcal{D}}^-$ of $\varphi$ corresponding to the eigenvalues $1$ and $-1$, respectively, have equal dimension $n$, then $(\varphi,\xi,\eta)$ is an almost paracontact structure on $M$, and $M$ is an almost paracontact manifold. It follows that $\varphi(\xi)=0$, $\eta\circ\varphi=0$, and $\text{rank}(\varphi)=2n$. If $M$ admits a semi-Riemannian metric $g$ such that $g(\varphi X,\varphi Y)=-g(X,Y)+\eta(X)\eta(Y)$, then $\Sigma=(\varphi,\xi,\eta,g)$ is called an almost paracontact metric structure on $M$. The metric $g$ is necessarily of signature $(n+1,n)$, and satisfies $\eta(X)=g(X,\xi)$ and $g(X,\varphi Y)=-g(\varphi X,Y)$. The fundamental 2-form $\Phi$ of $(M,\Sigma)$ is defined as $\Phi(X,Y)=g(X,\varphi Y)$. If $d\eta=\Phi$, then $\eta$ becomes a contact form, i.e., $\eta\wedge(d\eta)^n\ne0$, and $(M,\Sigma)$ is said to be a paracontact metric manifold. An almost paracontact structure is said to be normal if $N_\varphi-2 d\eta\otimes\xi=0$, where $N_\varphi(X,Y)=\varphi^2[X,Y]+[\varphi X,\varphi Y]-\varphi[\varphi X,Y]-\varphi[X,\varphi Y]$ is the Nijenhuis tensor of $\varphi$. An almost paracontact manifold $(M,\Sigma)$ is called (i)\,paracontact metric if $\varphi=d\eta$, (ii)\,$\alpha$-para-Sasakian if $(\nabla_X\varphi)Y=\alpha g(X,Y)\xi-\eta(Y)X$, where $\alpha\ne0$ is constant, (iii)\,para-Sasakian if it is normal and paracontact metric, (iv)\,$\alpha$-para-Kenmotsu if $(\nabla_X\varphi)Y=-\alpha(g(X,\varphi Y)\xi+\eta(Y)\varphi X$, in particular, para-Kenmotsu if $\alpha=-1$, (v)\,$K$-paracontact if it is paracontact and $\xi$ is Killing vector field, (vi)\,quasi-para-Sasakian if it is normal and $d\varphi=0$. In this interesting paper, the authors show that if $\overline g$ is the natural Riemann extension on the cotangent bundle $T^*M$ and $P:T^*M\to T^*M$ is the endomorphism defined by $PX^C=X^C+2C(\nabla X)-(b/a)X^VW$, $P\alpha^V=-\alpha^V$, where $C(T)_{(x,\omega)}=(\omega_x(T))^V$, $W_{(x,\omega)}=(\omega_x)^V$ for the $(1,1)$-tensor field $T$, then $(T^*M,P,\overline g)$ is an almost para-Hermitian manifold. Moreover, if $M$ is not flat, then $(T^*M,P,\overline g)$ is almost para-Kähler and is para-Kähler when $M$ is flat. Also, it is shown that $P$ is harmonic on $(T^*M,\overline g)$. In the second part of the paper, the authors construct almost paracontact metric structures on hypersurfaces of the almost para-Kähler and para-Kähler manifolds $(T^*M,P,\overline g)$. They determine the classes of the corresponding almost paracontact metric manifolds according to the classification given by \textit{S. Zamkovoy} and \textit{G. Nakova} in [J. Geom. 109, No. 1, Paper No. 18, 23 p. (2018; Zbl 1391.53041)] and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the considered manifolds to be paracontact metric, $K$-paracontact metric, or para-Sasakian.